Pyruvamide Compounds as Inhibitors of Dust Mite Group 1 Peptidase Allergen and Their Use

ABSTRACT

The present invention pertains generally to the field of therapeutic compounds and more specifically to certain pyruvamide compounds of the formula (X) (for convenience, collectively referred to herein as “PVA compounds”), which, inter alia, inhibit a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1). The present invention also pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and the use of such compounds and compositions, both in vitro and in vivo, to inhibit a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen, and in the treatment of diseases and disorders that are mediated by a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen; that are ameliorated by the inhibition of a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen; asthma; rhinitis; allergic conjunctivitis; atopic dermatitis; an allergic condition which is triggered by dust mites; an allergic condition which is triggered by a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen; and canine atopy.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to United Kingdom patent application number1001070.0 filed Jan. 22, 2010, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention pertains generally to the field of therapeuticcompounds, and more specifically to certain pyruvamide compounds (forconvenience, collectively referred to herein as “PVA compounds”), which,inter alia, inhibit a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p1, Der f 1, Eur m 1). The present invention also pertains topharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and the use ofsuch compounds and compositions, both in vitro and in vivo, to inhibit adust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen, and in the treatment of diseasesand disorders that are mediated by a dust mite Group 1 peptidaseallergen; that are ameliorated by the inhibition of a dust mite Group 1peptidase allergen; asthma; rhinitis; allergic conjunctivitis; atopicdermatitis; an allergic condition which is triggered by dust mites; anallergic condition which is triggered by a dust mite Group 1 peptidaseallergen; and canine atopy.

BACKGROUND

A number of patents and publications are cited herein in order to morefully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art towhich the invention pertains. Each of these references is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to thesame extent as if each individual reference was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unlessthe context requires otherwise, the word “comprise,” and variations suchas “comprises” and “comprising,” will be understood to imply theinclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps butnot the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers orsteps.

It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referentsunless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,reference to “a pharmaceutical carrier includes mixtures of two or moresuch carriers, and the like.

Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value,and/or to about another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular valueand/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values areexpressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” itwill be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.

This disclosure includes information that may be useful in understandingthe present invention. It is not an admission that any of theinformation provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presentlyclaimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitlyreferenced is prior art.

Allergic Diseases

Allergic diseases, such as asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and eczema,are escalating global healthcare problems which have not been containedby existing medications. These clinical conditions are initiated andtriggered in genetically susceptible individuals by exposure to adiverse range of substances known as allergens. Numerous sources ofallergen exist, but those associated with domestic environments areespecially important as disease triggers because people are exposed tothem for long periods. Amongst domestic allergens, those derived fromhouse dust mites (HDM) are globally the most significant cause ofallergic disease. These mites are found abundantly in homes, inworkplaces, in entertainment venues, and in public and private transportvehicles. Chronic sensitization to HDM allergens can occur at any timeof life and subsequent exacerbations triggered by repeated allergenexposure increase the probability that minor conditions such as allergicrhinitis will escalate into asthma, which is more serious. In addition,house dust mites create health problems for animals that co-habit withhumans. For example, the condition of canine atopy is an inheritedcondition that gives rise to a miscellany of allergic conditions of theskin, nose and eyes (Sture et al., 1995). Perennial symptoms arecommonly associated with sensitization and subsequent re-exposure todust mite allergens. It is well-described with house dust mitesrecognised as significant triggers of perennial allergic symptoms indogs, resulting in a need for veterinary treatment to alleviate diseasesymptoms. The symptoms seen in dogs largely resemble those seen in humanatopic dermatitis and conjunctivitis.

The pre-eminence of house dust mite allergens as triggers of allergicconditions has resulted in a need to understand why they are allergenic.Studies into the molecular basis of allergenicity have revealed that theHDM allergen of greatest clinical significance is a cysteine peptidase.Surprisingly, this peptidase activity contributes decisively to thedevelopment of allergy to HDM allergens generally and to otherby-stander allergens unrelated to HDM.

Several species of dust mite are known (e.g., Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides siboney andEuroglyphus maynei) and each of these produce numerous allergenicproteins. The allergens from the different species can be categorizedinto distinct groups which show immunological cross-reactivity becausethey are highly identical proteins with conserved amino acid sequences.In the case of HDM, the Group 1 allergens (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eurm 1) underlie >95% of HDM allergy and are a highly conserved family ofcysteine peptidases. The normal function of these cysteine peptidases inmites is as digestive enzymes which have the capability of digesting theresilient structural proteins in dried flakes of exfoliated skin whichform a significant component of the HDM diet. The degree of amino acidsequence conservation in HDM Group 1 cysteine peptidase allergens (>90%)is such that they may be regarded as functionally identical and, fordrug discovery purposes, a single therapeutic target. It is also nowknown that a clinically significant allergen from another mite of morerestricted geographical distribution, Blomia tropicalis, is a relatedcysteine peptidase and shows immunological reactivity with the Group 1allergens from house dust mites. This suggests that an inhibitor ofGropup 1 HDM allergens may be more generally applicable as inhibitors ofrelated molecules in all species of mite that cause allergy.

The Group 1 HDM allergens are major triggers of asthma and otherallergic conditions. When inhaled, their peptidase activity cleavesproteins that (i) increases the permeability of the airway epitheliumallowing access for them and other, non-peptidase allergens to dendriticantigen presenting cells, and (ii) triggers signalling events that skewimmunological responses to the Th2 phenotype. Both of these eventsinitiate allergy and must be recapitulated to maintain it. Blockingthese essential, top-level steps in allergic sensitization by inhibitingthe cysteine peptidase activity of the Group 1 allergens could thereforeprovide the basis for a unique approach to the treatment and preventionof allergy.

Group 1 HDM Allergens as a Therapeutic Target

People are exposed to house dust mite (HDM) allergens for up to 23 hourseach day; consequently these allergens are of major clinicalsignificance in a range of clinical conditions that share elevated IgEas a molecular marker of disease. Population-based cross-sectional andlongitudinal studies demonstrate that a positive skin test reaction forIgE antibody to HDM allergens is associated with asthma, persistentrhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis or atopic dermatitis (Arruda et al.,1991; Gelber et al., 1993; Miyamoto et al., 1968; Peat et al., 1996;Peat et al., 1991; Pollart et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1969; Sporik etal., 1990) In genetically predisposed individuals, first encounters withthese allergens can trigger the onset of disease at any time and, withrepeated exposures through life, minor conditions can evolve intoserious disease. Thus, the probability of developing asthma is increased10-20 fold after rhinitis has been established. Furthermore, the largestever study of adult-onset asthma demonstrated, contrary to previousbeliefs, that HDM allergy is as important to adults as children(Jaakkola et al., 2006).

Allergy risk and severity both show dose-response relationships withallergen exposure. This increases the attraction of pharmacologicalintervention aimed at Group 1 HDM allergens. Clinical evidence stronglysupports a threshold level of exposure above which sensitization ofat-risk individuals becomes probable. Furthermore, a dose-responserelationship exists between concentrations of these allergens in homes(and thus human exposure) and the importance of this sensitization toasthma (Gelber et al., 1993; Peat et al., 1991; Platts-Mills et al.,1997; Platts-Mills et al., 1987; Dowse et al., 1985; Charpin et al.,1991). These observations imply that avoidance or inactivation of thesekey allergens (i.e., by reducing the dose of functional allergen towhich an individual is exposed) is likely to decrease sensitization,causing symptoms to wane and clinical prognosis to improve. Reducingexposure to these allergens is the basis of physical allergen avoidancestrategies which have been investigated as a means of controllingallergy. The benefits of physical allergen avoidance are supported bycontrolled trials in which people have been moved to environments (e.g.,alpine sanatoria) where allergen avoidance can be managed rigorously(Dowse et al., 1985; Platts-Mills et al., 2000; Vervloet et al., 1982;Peroni et al., 1994). The effect of a strict regime of allergenavoidance is rapid in onset, with patients showing a significantdecrease in markers of inflammation or medicine usage within 2 to 4weeks (van Velzen et al., 1996; Schultze-Weminghaus, 2006; Bodini etal., 2004; Gourgoulianis et al., 2001; Piacentini et al., 1999;Piacentini et al., 1998). However, such physical avoidance measures aregenerally impractical and the benefits wane upon a return to everydaylife.

Given the contribution of proteolytic activity to allergicsensitization, the development of a means to inhibit the peptidaseactivity of Group 1 allergens would provide pharmacological allergeninactivation that would mimic the effects of physical allergenavoidance. It is envisaged that the optimum means to achieve thisobjective would be to treat patients with such inhibitors, eithertopically or systemically. One advantage of this approach is thatpharmacological allergen inactivation would travel with the person beingtreated (i.e., it would be “portable”) to achieve the benefits ofcontinuous allergen avoidance, something which is not achievable withphysical allergen avoidance measures. In addition to their use asmedicines, it is likely that inhibitors of Group 1 peptidase allergenswould have additional value as acaricides applied as environmentaltreatments. By inactivating key enzymes involved in the digestion offood by HDM, such inhibitors would deprive mites of a source ofnutrition causing them to fail to thrive.

Allergens and Peptidase Activity

Two observations are relevant to an appreciation of the contribution ofpeptidase activity to allergic sensitization. The first is thedemonstration that the proteolytic activity of a small cadre ofenzymatic allergens is vital to allergic sensitization via the airways.Secondly is the ability of peptidases to drive allergic sensitization toby-stander allergens that lack proteolytic activity. When administeredalone and without adjuvants, such non-enzymatic bystanders fail to evokeresponses, induce tolerance or show only weak IgG-mediated reactions,even with systemic immunisation (Seymour et al., 1998; van Halteren etal., 1997; McMillan et al., 2004; McCusker et al., 2002; Hellings etal., 2001). Since the majority of allergens are non-proteolytic, theability of individual peptidases to exert a marked influence on thedevelopment of sensitization to by-stander allergens creates aninteresting therapeutic opportunity which inhibitors of Group 1 miteallergens could exploit.

Previous studies have shown that the proteolytic activity of Group 1 HDMallergens makes an essential contribution to allergy through two generalmechanisms that are central to the initiation and maintenance of theallergic state. These are:

-   -   Facilitating allergen delivery across mucosal surfaces, thus        gaining access to antigen presenting cells (e.g., in the lungs,        dendritic cells) (Holt et al., 1990; Holt, 2002; Huh et al.,        2003; Lambrecht et al., 2003a; Lambrecht et al., 2002; Lambrecht        et al., 2003b; Wan et al., 2000).    -   Activating signal transduction pathways that favour development        of allergy in the genetically predisposed (Hellings et al.,        2001; Comoy et al., 1998; Stewart et al., 2003).

HDM peptidase allergens therefore exert significant effects that areindependent of IgE, but which have an essential bearing on IgEsensitization and allergic responses (King et al., 1998; Asokananthan etal., 2002). These actions serve to promote sensitization to the incitingpeptidase allergen but, as described above, because the effects of thegeneral mechanisms are essentially allergen non-specific, sensitizationto non-enzymatic bystander allergens also occurs (Stewart et al., 2003;Wan et al., 1999).

Allergen Delivery

Dendritic cells are the primary antigen presenting cells of therespiratory tract (Holt et al., 1990; Holt, 2002; Huh et al., 2003;Lambrecht et al., 2003a; Lambrecht et al., 2002; Lambrecht et al.,2003b). However, for effective IgE responses to develop and bemaintained, the probability of contact with antigens must be increased(Lambrecht et al., 2003b). This essential step in the detection ofallergen is facilitated by the cysteine peptidase activity of Group 1mite allergens which cleaves the transmembrane adhesion proteins ofepithelial tight junctions, facilitating paracellular delivery of anyallergen to dendritic cells (Wan et al., 1999; Wan et al., 2000; Wintonet al., 1998).

IgE-Independent Cell Activation

Peptidase allergens are thought to contribute to innate immunity andactivate a variety of cells by numerous IgE-independent mechanisms.Signalling pathways activated by cleavage of tethered ligand receptorson epithelial cells is one such mechanism contributing to the chronicrelease of GM-CSF and IL-6. These cytokines are present in increasedamounts in the airways in allergic asthma and rhinitis (Broide et al.,1992; Fahy et al., 1995; Muraguchi et al., 1988; Vercelli., 1989). Theypromote a Th2 allergic bias via several actions. For example, IL-6 isessential to B cell maturation and in the IL-4-dependent synthesis ofIgE (Muraguchi et al., 1988; Vercelli., 1989). GM-CSF generates signalsthat cause dendritic cells to migrate from the airway epithelium topresent captured antigens at regional lymph nodes (Stick et al., 2003).Proteolytic activity that cleaves tethered ligand receptors is thusassociated with a chain of events central to both the initiation ofallergic sensitization and its maintenance. Peptidase allergens activatemast cells by IgE-independent mechanisms and it follows, therefore, thata contribution to the acute bronchoconstriction resulting from allergenchallenge must be due to this peptidase-dependent activation. Thissuggests that inhibitors of Group 1 peptidase allergens should attenuateacute allergic bronchoconstriction. Other IgE-independent mechanismsinvolve a cleavage of cytokine and IgE receptors that are associatedwith an augmentation of allergy (Ghaemmaghami et al., 2002), cleavage ofantipeptidase defences (which may already be defective in allergy) andcleavage of other protective factors such as surfactant proteins (Deb etal., 2007).

Demonstrations of Proteolytic Allergen Contributions to Allergy

The potential importance of peptidase allergens as a target in allergyis demonstrated by the ease and directness with which they evoke IgEsensitization and by studies with generic inhibitors of cysteinepeptidases in experimental animals.

Strong allergen-specific IgE sensitization can be achieved bynon-invasive exposure of mice to Der p 1 of high specific proteolyticactivity in the absence of adjuvants (Zhang et al., 2009). In BrownNorway rats, development of Der p 1-specific IgE and allergicresponsiveness also occurs without the need for additional adjuvants. Incontrast, the difficulties in raising high titre antibodies torecombinant Der p 1 that lacks high enzyme activity (and which thereforebehaves like a by-stander allergen) are well known. The proteolyticnature of Der p 1 also augments the sensitization to non-peptidasebystander allergens from HDM and other sources (Gough et al., 2001).

The promotion of allergen delivery by peptidase allergens may beaugmented by their inactivation of antipeptidase defences (Kalsheker etal., 1996). Of related significance is that the loss of functionalpolymorphisms in endogenous enzyme inhibitors (e.g., chromosome 5q32LETK1, chromosome 7 PAI-I, chromosome 11 C1 esterase inhibitor,chromosome 14 serpin cluster, chromosome 18q21) predisposes the subjectto allergic disease. This recent evidence supplements functionalassociations between allergy and protease inhibitor deficiency that haveaccrued over the past 25 years (Rudolph et al., 1978; Hyde et al., 1979;Eden et al., 2003; Sigsgaard et al., 2000).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a bar graph of the magnitude of response following Challenge 1(left) and Challenge 2 (right), expressed as a percentage of themagnitude of the response following Challenge 1. (Medians reported;error bar is for 25th/75th percentiles.)

FIG. 2 is a bar graph of change in airway resistance (cm H₂O L⁻¹ s⁻¹)following control allergen challenge (left) and allergen challenge 120minutes after treatment with test compound PVA-026. (Medians reported.Error bar is for 25th/75th percentiles. For (*): P<0.05, Mann-WhitneyRank Sum Test, with respect to control allergen challenge.)

FIG. 3 is a bar graph of change in airway resistance (cm H₂O L⁻¹ s⁻¹)following control allergen challenge (left) and allergen challenge 120minutes after treatment with test compound PVA-038 (as the TFA salt).(Medians reported. Error bar is for 25th/75th percentiles. For (*):P<0.05, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test, with respect to control allergenchallenge.)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention pertains to certain pyruvamide compounds(for convenience, collectively referred to herein as “PVA compounds”),as described herein.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to a composition (e.g., apharmaceutical composition) comprising a PVA compound, as describedherein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to method of preparing acomposition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising the step ofadmixing a PVA compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or diluent.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method ofinhibiting a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f1, Eur m 1), in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a dust miteGroup 1 peptidase allergen with an effective amount of a PVA compound,as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method ofinhibiting a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen in a cell, in vitro orin vivo, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of aPVA compound, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method oftreatment comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment atherapeutically-effective amount of a PVA compound, as described herein,preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compound asdescribed herein for use in a method of treatment of the human or animalbody by therapy.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a PVAcompound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament foruse in treatment.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of a disease or conditionthat is mediated by a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of a disease or conditionthat is ameliorated by the inhibition of a dust mite Group 1 peptidaseallergen.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: asthma, for example,atopic asthma; allergic asthma; atopic bronchial IgE-mediated asthma;bronchial asthma; extrinsic asthma; allergen-induced asthma; allergicasthma exacerbated by respiratory virus infection; infective asthma;infective asthma caused by bacterial infection; infective asthma causedby fungal infection; infective asthma caused by protozoal infection; orinfective asthma caused by viral infection.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: bronchialhyperreactivity associated with asthma; or bronchial hyperresponsivenessassociated with asthma.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: airway remodellingassociated with an allergic lung disease, for example, airwayremodelling associated with asthma.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: asthma co-presentedwith a chronic obstructive lung disease, for example, asthmaco-presented with emphysema; or asthma co-presented with chronicbronchitis.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: rhinitis, for example,allergic rhinitis; perennial rhinitis; persistent rhinitis; orIgE-mediated rhinitis.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: allergicconjunctivitis, including, for example, IgE-mediated conjunctivitis.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: atopic dermatitis.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: an allergic conditionwhich is triggered by dust mites.

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: an allergic conditionwhich is triggered by a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Derp 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1).

In one embodiment, the treatment is treatment of: canine atopy.

In one embodiment, the treatment further comprises treatment with one ormore additional therapeutic agents, for example, one or more additionaltherapeutic agents selected from agents used, or likely to be used, inthe treatment of a respiratory disease.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compound, asdescribed herein, for use as an acaricide.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a compositioncomprising a PVA compound, as described herein, for use as an acaricide.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to an acaricidecomposition comprising a PVA compound, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a PVAcompound, as described herein, as an acaricide.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains a method of killingmites (e.g., dust mites), comprising exposing said mites to an effectiveamount of a PVA compound, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains a method of controlling(e.g., limiting) a mite (e.g., dust mite) population comprising exposingmites to an effective amount of a PVA compound, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a kit comprising (a)a PVA compound, as described herein, preferably provided as apharmaceutical composition and in a suitable container and/or withsuitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, for example, writteninstructions on how to administer the compound.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compoundobtainable by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a methodcomprising a method of synthesis as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compoundobtained by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a methodcomprising a method of synthesis as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to novel intermediates,as described herein, which are suitable for use in the methods ofsynthesis described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of suchnovel intermediates, as described herein, in the methods of synthesisdescribed herein.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, features andpreferred embodiments of one aspect of the invention will also pertainto other aspect of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Compounds

One aspect of the present invention relates to certain pyruvamidecompounds which are related to3-[2-(2-acylamino-acetylamino)-acetylamino]-2-oxo-propionamide:

All of the compounds of the present invention have a pyruvamide linkage(i.e., —C—C(═O)—C(═O)—N<), which is related to pyruvic acid (alsoreferred to as 2-oxo-propionic acid) and pyruvamide (also referred to as2-oxo-propionamide).

Thus, one aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds selectedfrom compounds of the following formula, and salts, hydrates, andsolvates thereof (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, andsolvates thereof), wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹,and R¹² are as defined herein (for convenience, collectively referred toherein as “PVA compounds”):

Depending upon the values of —R¹ and —R², the carbon atom to which theyare attached may be chiral, and if so, may independently be in the (R)or (S) configuration. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatboth configurations are encompassed. In a preferred embodiment, theconfiguration is (S).

Depending upon the values of —R⁴ and —R⁵, the carbon atom to which theyare attached may be chiral, and if so, may independently be in the (R)or (S) configuration. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatboth configurations are encompassed. In a preferred embodiment, theconfiguration is (S).

Depending upon the values of —R⁷ and —R⁸, the carbon atom to which theyare attached may be chiral, and if so, may independently be in the (R)or (S) configuration. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatboth configurations are encompassed.

Depending upon the values of —R¹, —R², —R⁴, —R⁵, —R⁷, and —R⁸, thecompound may have one, two, or three chiral centres, giving rise toenantiomers or diastereoisomers. Unless otherwise indicated, it isintended that all such enantiomers and diastereoisomers are encompassed.

Some embodiments of the invention include the following:

(1) A compound selected from compounds of the following formulae, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:

wherein:

—R¹ is independently —H or —R^(1A);

—R^(1A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R² is independently —H or —R^(2A);

—R^(2A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

or —R¹ and —R², taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring or a saturatedC₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted;

—R³ is independently —H or —R^(3A);

—R^(3A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R⁴ is independently —H or —R^(4A);

—R^(4A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R⁵ is independently —H or —R^(5A);

—R^(5A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R⁶ is independently —H or —R^(6A);

—R^(6A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R⁷ is independently —H, —R^(7A), or —R^(7B);

—R^(7A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R^(7B) is independently -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB), —R^(7BB), -L^(7B2)-O—R^(7BB),or -L^(7B2)-O-L^(7B1)-R^(7BB);

-L^(7B1)- is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkylene;

-L^(7B2)- is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkylene;

—R^(7BB) is independently —R^(7BB1), —R^(7BB2), —R^(7BB3), or —R^(7BB4);

—R^(7BB1) is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted;

—R^(7BB2) is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and is optionallysubstituted;

—R^(7BB3) is independently C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionallysubstituted, or is optionally fused to a benzene ring which isoptionally substituted;

—R^(7BB4) is independently saturated bridged C₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

—R⁸ is independently —H or —R^(8A);

—R^(8A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

or —R⁷ and —R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring, a saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl ring, or a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which isoptionally substituted;

—R⁹ is independently —H or —R^(9A);

—R^(9A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

or —R⁸ is —H, and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom andnitrogen atom to which they are respectively attached, form a saturatedC₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted, or which isoptionally fused to a benzene ring which is optionally substituted;

—R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10A), —R^(10B). —R^(10C), or R^(10D);

—R^(10A) is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted;

—R^(10B) is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and is optionallysubstituted;

—R^(10C) is independently saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionallysubstituted;

—R^(10D) is independently non-aromatic C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and isoptionally substituted;

or —R⁹ and —R¹⁰, taken together with the nitrogen atom and carbon atomto which they are respectively attached, form a non-aromaticC₅₋₇heterocyclic lactam ring, which is optionally substituted, or whichis optionally fused to a benzene ring which is optionally substituted;

—R¹¹ is independently —H, —R^(11A), or —R^(11B);

—R^(11A) is independently —R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), —R^(Z3), —R^(Z4), —R^(Z5),-L^(Z)-R^(Z2), -L-R^(Z3), -L-R^(Z4), or -L-R^(Z5);

—R^(Z1) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

each —R^(Z2) is independently saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and isoptionally substituted, or is optionally fused to a benzene ring whichis optionally substituted;

each —R^(Z3) is independently —R^(Z3A) or —R^(Z3B);

each —R^(Z3A) is independently non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclyl, and isoptionally substituted;

each —R^(Z38) is independently saturated bridged C₅₋₁₀heterocyclyl, andis optionally substituted;

each —R^(Z4) is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted;

each —R^(Z5) is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and is optionallysubstituted;

each -L^(Z)- is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkylene;

—R^(11B) is independently —CR^(J1)R^(J2)—C(═O)—NR^(J3)R^(J4);

—R^(J1) is independently —H or saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl;

—R^(J2) is independently —H or saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl;

—R^(J3) is independently —H, saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, orbenzyl;

—R^(J4) is independently —H, saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, orbenzyl;

or —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently a C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl group, and isoptionally substituted;

—R¹² is independently —H or —R^(12A);

—R^(12A) is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted;

or —NR¹¹R¹² is independently a C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl group, and isoptionally substituted.

For the avoidance of doubt, the index “C_(x-y)” in terms such as“C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl”, “C₃₋₇heterocyclic ring”, “C₃₋₇heterocyclyl”, and thelike, refers to the number of ring atoms, which may be carbon atoms orheteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S). For example, pyridyl is an example of aC₆heteroaryl group, and piperidino is an example of a C₆heterocycylgroup.

For the avoidance of doubt, “heteroaryrl” refers to a group that isattached to the rest of the molecule by an atom that is part of anaromatic ring, and which has one or more heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S)forming part of the aromatic ring system. For example, pyridyl is anexample of a C₆heteroaryl group, and quinolyl is an example of aC₁₀heteroaryl group. In contrast, “heterocyclyl” refers to a group thatis attached to the rest of the molecule by a ring atom that is not partof an aromatic ring (i.e., the ring is fully or partially saturated),and the ring system contains one or more heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S).For example, piperidino is an example of a C₆heterocycyl group.

The Groups —R¹ and —R²

(2) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ is independently —H or—R^(1A).

(3) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ is independently —R^(1A).

(4) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ is independently —H.

(5) A compound according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein —R² isindependently —H or —R^(2A).

(6) A compound according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein —R² isindependently —R^(2A).

(7) A compound according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein —R² isindependently —H.

(8) A compound according to (1), wherein:

-   -   —R¹ is independently —H or —R^(1A); and    -   —R² is independently —H or —R^(2A).

(9) A compound according to (1), wherein:

-   -   —R¹ is independently —H or —R^(1A); and    -   —R² is independently —H.

(10) A compound according to (1), wherein:

-   -   —R¹ is independently —R^(1A); and    -   —R² is independently —H.

(11) A compound according to (1), wherein:

-   -   —R¹ is independently —H; and    -   —R² is independently —H.

The Group —R^(1A)

(12) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents

(13) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(14) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(15) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄ alkyl.

(16) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or-tBu.

(17) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₃₋₄alkyl.

(18) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or -tBu.

(19) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -sBu.

(20) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.

(21) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -iPr or -nBu.

(22) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -iPr.

(23) A compound according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein —R^(1A), ifpresent, is independently -nBu.

The Group —R^(2A)

(24) A compound according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein —R^(2A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(25) A compound according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein —R^(2A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl.

(26) A compound according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein —R^(2A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(27) A compound according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein —R^(2A), ifpresent, is independently -Me or -Et.

(28) A compound according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein —R^(2A), ifpresent, is independently -Me.

The Group —C(R¹)(R²)—

(29) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring or a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(30) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring or a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclic ring.

(31) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, withone or more substituents —R^(X2).

(32) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring.

(33) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and is optionally substituted,for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(34) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

(35) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a non-aromaticC₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(36) A compound according to (1), wherein —R¹ and —R², taken togetherwith the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a non-aromaticC₃₋₇heterocyclic ring.

The Group —R³

(37) A compound according to any one of (1) to (36), wherein —R³ isindependently —H.

(38) A compound according to any one of (1) to (36), wherein —R³ isindependently —R^(3A).

The Group —R^(3A)

(39) A compound according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein —R^(3A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(40) A compound according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein —R^(3A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl.

(41) A compound according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein —R^(3A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(42) A compound according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein —R^(3A), ifpresent, is independently -Me or -Et.

(43) A compound according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein —R^(3A), ifpresent, is independently -Me.

The Groups —R⁴ and —R⁵

(44) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein —R⁴ isindependently —H or —R^(4A).

(45) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein —R⁴ isindependently —R^(4A).

(46) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein —R⁴ isindependently —H.

(47) A compound according to any one of (1) to (46), wherein —R⁵ isindependently —H or —R^(5A).

(48) A compound according to any one of (1) to (46), wherein —R⁵ isindependently —R^(5A).

(49) A compound according to any one of (1) to (46), wherein —R⁵ isindependently —H.

(50) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein:

-   -   —R⁴ is independently —H or —R^(4A); and    -   —R⁵ is independently —H or —R^(5A).

(51) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein:

-   -   —R⁴ is independently —H or —R^(4A); and    -   —R⁵ is independently —H.

(52) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein:

-   -   —R⁴ is independently —R^(4A); and    -   —R⁵ is independently —H.

(53) A compound according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein:

-   -   —R⁴ is independently —H; and    -   —R⁵ is independently —H.

The Group —R^(4A)

(54) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents

(55) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(56) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(57) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(58) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or-tBu.

(59) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(60) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl.

(61) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(62) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -nPr, or —CH₂C(═O)NH₂.

(63) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently -Me or -nPr.

(64) A compound according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein —R^(4A), ifpresent, is independently -Me.

The Group —R^(5A)

(65) A compound according to any one of (1) to (64), wherein —R^(5A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents

(66) A compound according to any one of (1) to (64), wherein —R^(5A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl.

(67) A compound according to any one of (1) to (64), wherein —R^(5A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(68) A compound according to any one of (1) to (64), wherein —R^(5A), ifpresent, is independently -Me or -Et.

(69) A compound according to any one of (1) to (64), wherein —R^(5A), ifpresent, is independently -Me.

The Group —R⁶

(70) A compound according to any one of (1) to (69), wherein —R⁶ isindependently —H.

(71) A compound according to any one of (1) to (69), wherein —R⁶ isindependently —R^(6A).

The Group —R^(6A)

(72) A compound according to any one of (1) to (71), wherein —R^(6A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(73) A compound according to any one of (1) to (71), wherein —R^(6A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl.

(74) A compound according to any one of (1) to (71), wherein —R^(6A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(75) A compound according to any one of (1) to (71), wherein —R^(6A), ifpresent, is independently -Me or -Et.

(76) A compound according to any one of (1) to (71), wherein —R^(6A), ifpresent, is independently -Me.

The Group —R⁷

(77) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ isindependently —R^(7A) or —R^(7B).

(78) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ isindependently —R^(7A).

(79) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ isindependently —R^(7B).

(80) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ isindependently —H.

The Group —R^(7A)

(81) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(82) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(83) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(84) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(85) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, -iBu, or-tBu.

(86) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently saturated aliphatic C₃₋₄alkyl.

(87) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, -iBu, or -tBu.

(88) A compound according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein —R^(7A), ifpresent, is independently -tBu.

The Group —R^(7B)

(89) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB), -L^(7B2)-O—R^(7BB), or-L^(7B2)-O-L^(7B1)-R^(7BB).

(90) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB) or-L^(7B2)-O-L^(7B1)-R^(7BB).

(91) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB) or —R^(7BB).

(92) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB).

(93) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently -L^(7B2)-O-L^(7B1)-R^(7BB).

(94) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently -L^(7B2)-O—R^(7BB).

(95) A compound according to any one of (1) to (88), wherein —R^(7B), ifpresent, is independently —R^(7BB).

The Group -L^(7B1)-

(96) A compound according to any one of (1) to (95), wherein -L^(7B1)-,if present, is independently —CH₂—, —CH(Me)—, —C(Me)₂-, —CH₂CH₂—, or—CH₂CH₂CH₂—.

(97) A compound according to any one of (1) to (95), wherein -L^(7B1)-,if present, is independently —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—.

(98) A compound according to any one of (1) to (95), wherein -L^(7B1)-,if present, is independently —CH₂—.

(99) A compound according to any one of (1) to (95), wherein -L^(7B1)-,if present, is independently —C(Me)₂-.

The Group -L^(7B2)-

(100) A compound according to any one of (1) to (99), wherein -L^(7B2)-,if present, is independently —CH₂—, —CH(Me)—, —C(Me)₂-, —CH₂CH₂—, or—CH₂CH₂CH₂—.

(101) A compound according to any one of (1) to (99), wherein -L^(7B2)-,if present, is independently —CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—.

(102) A compound according to any one of (1) to (99), wherein -L^(7B2)-,if present, is independently —CH₂—.

The Group —R^(7BB)

(103) A compound according to any one of (1) to (102), wherein —R^(7BB),if present, is independently —R^(7BB1), —R^(7BB2), or —R^(7BB3).

(104) A compound according to any one of (1) to (102), wherein —R^(7BB),if present, is independently —R^(7BB1).

(105) A compound according to any one of (1) to (102), wherein —R^(7BB),if present, is independently —R^(7BB2).

(106) A compound according to any one of (1) to (102), wherein —R^(7BB),if present, is independently —R^(7BB3).

(107) A compound according to any one of (1) to (102), wherein —R^(7BB),if present, is independently —R^(7BB4).

The Group —R^(7BB1)

(108) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(109) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, —CF₃, -Ph, —NH₂,—NHMe, —NMe₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, andN-(methyl)piperizino.

(110) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, and -Ph.

(111) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl.

(112) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(113) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, —CF₃, -Ph, —NH₂, —NHMe, —NMe₂,pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, andN-(methyl)-piperizino.

(114) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, and -Ph.

(115) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently phenyl.

(116) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(117) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, —CF₃, -Ph, —NH₂, —NHMe, —NMe₂,pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, andN-(methyl)-piperizino.

(118) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, and -Ph.

(119) A compound according to any one of (1) to (107), wherein—R^(7BB1), if present, is independently naphthyl.

The Group —R^(7BB2)

(120) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(121) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl.

(122) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently C₅₋₈heteroaryl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(123) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently C₅₋₆heteroaryl.

(124) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,triazolyl (e.g., 1H-[1,2,3]triazolyl, 2H-[1,2,3]triazolyl,4H-[1,2,4]triazolyl, 1H-[1,2,4]triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g.,[1,2,3]oxadiazolyl, furazanyl, [1,3,4]oxadiazolyl, [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl),thiadiazolyl (e.g., [1,2,3]thiadiazolyl, [1,2,5]thiadiazolyl,[1,3,4]thiadiazolyl, [1,2,4]thiadiazolyl), pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl (e.g., [1,3,5]-triazinyl), and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R³.

(125) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(126) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl.

(127) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently pyridyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(128) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently pyridyl.

(129) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently C₉₋₁₀heteroaryl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(130) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently C₉₋₁₀heteroaryl.

(131) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, orindolyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(132) A compound according to any one of (1) to (119), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, orindolyl.

The Group —R^(7BB3)

(133) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2), or is optionally fused to a benzene ring which is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(134) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2), or is optionally fused to a benzene ring.

(135) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(136) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted,for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(137) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB2), if present, is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl.

(138) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, and isoptionally fused to a benzene ring.

(139) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally fused to abenzene ring.

(140) A compound according to any one of (1) to (132), wherein—R^(7BB3), if present, is independently cyclopentyl fused to a benzenering; as in, for example, indan-2-yl.

The Group —R^(7BB4)

(141) A compound according to any one of (1) to (140), wherein—R^(7BB4), if present, is independently saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X2).

(142) A compound according to any one of (1) to (140), wherein—R^(7BB4), if present, is independently saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl.

(143) A compound according to any one of (1) to (140), wherein—R^(7BB4), if present, is independently bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl oradamantyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(144) A compound according to any one of (1) to (140), wherein—R^(7BB4), if present, is independently bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl (an exampleof a saturated bridged C₅cycloalkyl group) or adamantyl (an example of asaturated bridged C₁₀cycloalkyl group).

(145) A compound according to any one of (1) to (140), wherein—R^(7BB4), if present, is independently adamantyl.

The Group —R⁸

(146) A compound according to any one of (1) to (145), wherein —R⁸ isindependently —H.

(147) A compound according to any one of (1) to (145), wherein —R⁸ isindependently —R^(8A).

The Group —R^(8A)

(148) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(149) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(150) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(151) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(152) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, -iBu, or-tBu.

(153) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(154) A compound according to any one of (1) to (147), wherein —R^(8A),if present, is independently -Me.

The Group —C(R⁷)(R⁸)—

(155) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring, a saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl ring, or a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(156) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring, which is optionally substituted,for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(157) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl ring.

(158) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(159) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

(160) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form cyclohexyl.

(161) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a saturated bridged C₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl ring, which is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(162) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a saturated bridged C₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl ring.

(163) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(164) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocydic ring.

(165) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a non-aromatic C₅₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(166) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a non-aromatic C₅₋₇heterocydic ring.

(167) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a non-aromatic C₆heterocyclic ring, which is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(168) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁷ and—R⁸, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a non-aromatic C₆heterocyclic ring.

The Group —R⁹

(169) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ isindependently —H.

(170) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ isindependently —R^(9A).

The Group —R^(9A)

(171) A compound according to any one of (1) to (170), wherein —R^(9A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(172) A compound according to any one of (1) to (170), wherein —R^(9A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(173) A compound according to any one of (1) to (170), wherein —R^(9A),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, -iBu, or-tBu.

(174) A compound according to any one of (1) to (170), wherein —R^(9A),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(175) A compound according to any one of (1) to (170), wherein —R^(9A),if present, is independently -Me.

The Group —NR⁹—C(R⁷)(R⁸)—

(176) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁸ is —H;and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atomto which they are respectively attached, form a non-aromaticC₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents —R^(X2), or which is optionally fused to abenzene ring which is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(177) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁸ is —H;and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atomto which they are respectively attached, form a non-aromaticC₃₋₇heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents —R^(X2), or which is optionally fused to abenzene ring.

(178) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁸ is —H;and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atomto which they are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidine ring or apiperidine ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents —R^(X2), or which is optionally fused to a benzenering.

(179) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁸ is —H;and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atomto which they are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidine ring or apiperidine ring, which is optionally fused to a benzene ring.

(180) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁸ is —H;and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atomto which they are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidine ring; as in,for example:

(181) A compound according to any one of (1) to (76), wherein —R⁸ is —H;and —R⁷ and —R⁹, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atomto which they are respectively attached, form a piperidine ring, whichis fused to a benzene ring; as in, for example:

The Group R¹⁰—C(═O)—N(R⁹)—

(182) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ and—R¹⁰, taken together with the nitrogen atom and carbon atom to whichthey are respectively attached, form a non-aromatic C₅₋₇heterocycliclactam ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X2), or which is optionally fused to a benzenering which is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(183) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ and—R¹⁰, taken together with the nitrogen atom and carbon atom to whichthey are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidin-2-one ring or apiperidin-2-one ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, withone or more substituents —R^(X2), or which is optionally fused to abenzene ring which is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X3).

(184) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ and—R¹⁰, taken together with the nitrogen atom and carbon atom to whichthey are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidin-2-one ring or apiperidin-2-one ring, which is fused to a benzene ring.

(185) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ and—R¹⁰, taken together with the nitrogen atom and carbon atom to whichthey are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidin-2-one ring, which isfused to a benzene ring; for example, where the group —N(R⁹)—C(═O)—R¹⁰is the following group:

as in, for example:

(186) A compound according to any one of (1) to (168), wherein —R⁹ and—R¹⁰, taken together with the carbon atom and nitrogen atom to whichthey are respectively attached, form a pyrrolidin-2-one ring; forexample, where the group —N(R⁹)—C(═O)—R¹⁰ is the following group:

as in, for example:

Some Preferred Combinations

(187) A compound according to (1), wherein: —R² is —H; —R³ is —H; —R⁵ is—H; —R⁶ is —H; for example, as shown below:

(188) A compound according to (187), wherein the carbon atom to which—R⁴ and —R⁵ is attached has the configuration shown in the followingformula:

(189) A compound according to (187), wherein the carbon atom to which—R⁴ and —R⁵ is attached, and the carbon atom to which —R¹ and —R² isattached, have the configurations shown in the following formula:

(190) A compound according to any one of (187) to (189), wherein: —R¹ is-iPr and —R⁴ is -Me; for example, as shown below:

(191) A compound according to (1), wherein: —R² is —H; —R³ is —H; —R⁵ is—H; —R⁶ is —H; —R⁸ is —H; and —R⁹ is —H; for example, as shown below:

(192) A compound according to (191), wherein the carbon atom to which—R⁴ and —R⁵ is attached has the configuration shown in the followingformula:

(193) A compound according to (191), wherein the carbon atom to which—R⁴ and —R⁵ is attached, and the carbon atom to which —R¹ and —R² isattached, have the configurations shown in the following formula:

(194) A compound according to (191), wherein the carbon atom to which—R⁴ and —R⁵ is attached, the carbon atom to which —R¹ and —R² isattached, and the carbon atom to which —R⁷ and —R⁸ are attached, havethe configurations shown in the following formula:

(195) A compound according to (191), wherein the carbon atom to which—R⁴ and —R⁵ is attached, the carbon atom to which —R¹ and —R² isattached, and the carbon atom to which —R⁷ and —R⁸ are attached, havethe configurations shown in the following formula:

(196) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein: —R¹ is-iPr and —R⁴ is -Me; for example, as shown below:

(197) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein —R⁷ is—CH₂—R^(7BB); for example, as shown below:

(198) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein —R⁷ is—CH₂-Ph; for example, as shown below:

(199) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein —R⁷ is—R^(7A); for example, as shown below:

(200) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein —R⁷ is-tBu; for example, as shown below:

(201) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein —R⁷ is—R^(7BB); for example, as shown below:

(202) A compound according to any one of (191) to (195), wherein —R⁷ is-tBu; for example, as shown below:

The Group —R¹⁰

(203) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10A), —R^(10B), or —R^(10C).

(204) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10A), —R^(10B), or —R^(10D).

(205) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10A) or —R^(10B).

(206) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10A).

(207) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10B).

(208) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10C).

(209) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(202), wherein —R¹⁰ is independently —R^(10D).

The Group —R^(10A)

(210) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl ornaphthyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(211) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl ornaphthyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CF₃,    -   —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   phenyl, —O-phenyl,    -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —O—CH₂CH₂—NH₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂—NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —O—CH₂CH₂—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperidino,        —O—CH₂CH₂-morpholino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperizino,        —O—CH₂CH₂—{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —O—CH₂-imidazol-2-yl, and        —O—CH₂—{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}.

(212) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl ornaphthyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from:

-   -   phenyl, —O-phenyl,    -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   —O—CH₂CH₂—NH₂, —O—CH₂CH₂—NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —O—CH₂CH₂—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperidino,        —O—CH₂CH₂-morpholino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperizino,        —O—CH₂CH₂—{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —O—CH₂-imidazol-2-yl, and        —O—CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}.

(213) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl ornaphthyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CF₃,    -   —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —O—CH₂-imidazol-2-yl, and        —O—CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}.

(214) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(215) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CF₃,    -   —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   phenyl, —O-phenyl,    -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —O—CH₂CH₂—NH₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂—NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —O—CH₂CH₂—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperidino,        —O—CH₂CH₂-morpholino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperizino,        —O—CH₂CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —O—CH₂-imidazol-2-yl, and        —O—CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}.

(216) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from:

-   -   phenyl, —O-phenyl,    -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —O—CH₂CH₂—NH₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂—NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —O—CH₂CH₂—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,        —O—CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperidino,        —O—CH₂CH₂-morpholino, —O—CH₂CH₂-piperizino,        —O—CH₂CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —O—CH₂-imidazol-2-yl, and        —O—CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}.

(217) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CF₃,    -   —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄alkyl),    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —O—CH₂-imidazol-2-yl, and        —O—CH₂-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}.

(218) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently phenyl.

(219) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(220) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(209), wherein —R^(10A), if present, is independently naphthyl.

The Group —R^(10B)

(221) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(222) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl,pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, triazolyl (e.g., 1H-[1,2,3]triazolyl, 2H-[1,2,3]triazolyl,4H-[1,2,4]triazolyl, 1H-[1,2,4]triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g.,[1,2,3]oxadiazolyl, furazanyl, [1,3,4]oxadiazolyl, [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl),thiadiazolyl (e.g., [1,2,3]thiadiazolyl, [1,2,5]thiadiazolyl,[1,3,4]thiadiazolyl, [1,2,4]thiadiazolyl), pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl (e.g., [1,3,5]-triazinyl), indolyl,isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothienyl,isobenzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl,benzoisoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl,phthalazinyl, or quinoxalinyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(223) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently C₅₋₆heteroaryl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(224) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently C₅₋₆heteroaryl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from:

-   -   saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl,    -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₄alkyl), and    -   —OH.

(225) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently C₅₋₆heteroaryl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from:

-   -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₄alkyl), and    -   —OH.

(226) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl,pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(227) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyrazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(228) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl, and is optionally substituted,for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(229) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(230) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents independently selected from:

-   -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₄alkyl), and    -   —OH.

(231) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyridyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(232) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyridyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from:

-   -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₄alkyl), and    -   —OH.

(233) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently pyrazolyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

-   -   (234) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187)        to (220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently        pyrazolyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one        or more substituents independently selected from: saturated        aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(235) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently C₉₋₁₀heteroaryl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(236) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently indolyl,isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothienyl,isobenzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl,benzoisoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl,phthalazinyl, or quinoxalinyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(237) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently indazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(238) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently indazolyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(239) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently benzimidazolyl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(240) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently benzothiazolyl,quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(241) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently benzothiazolyl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(242) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(220), wherein —R^(10B), if present, is independently quinolinyl orisoquinolinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X3).

The Group —R^(10C)

(243) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(242), wherein —R^(10C), if present, is independently saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X2).

(244) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(242), wherein —R^(10C), if present, is independently cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and is optionally substituted,for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(245) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(242), wherein —R^(10C), if present, is independently cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

(246) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(242), wherein —R^(10C), if present, is independently cyclopentyl orcyclohexyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(247) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(242), wherein —R^(10C), if present, is independently cyclopentyl orcyclohexyl.

The Group-R^(10D)

(248) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D), if present, is independently non-aromaticC₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents —R^(X2).

(249) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D), if present, is independently non-aromaticC₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(250) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D)), if present, is independently non-aromaticC₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl.

(251) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D), if present, is independently non-aromaticC₅₋₇heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents —R^(X2).

(252) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D), if present, is independently non-aromaticC₅₋₇heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(253) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D), if present, is independently non-aromaticC₅₋₇heterocyclyl.

(254) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperizinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dixoanyl, azepanyl, or diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(255) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperizinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dixoanyl, azepanyl, or diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₄alkyl.

(256) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperizinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dixoanyl, azepanyl, or diazepanyl.

(257) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperizinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, ordixoanyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(258) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperizinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, ordixoanyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(259) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperizinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, ordixoanyl.

(260) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidinyl, morpholinyl, orpiperizinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X2).

(261) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidinyl, morpholinyl, orpiperizinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(262) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidinyl, morpholinyl, orpiperizinyl.

(263) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(264) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(265) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidin-4-yl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(266) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperidin-4-yl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(267) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperidin-4-yl,for example, N-(methyl)-piperidin-4-yl or N-(isopropyl)-piperidin-4-yl,as shown below:

(268) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independentlyN,N-(di-C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperidin-4-yl, for example,N,N-(di-methyl)-piperidin-4-yl, as shown below:

(269) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperizinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(270) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperizinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(271) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperizino, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(272) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently piperizino, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(273) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, forexample, N-(methyl)-piperizino, as shown below:

(274) A compound according to any one of (1) to (181) and (187) to(247), wherein —R^(10D) is independently N,N-(di-C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,for example, N,N-(di-methyl)-piperizino, as shown below:

For the avoidance of doubt, it is intended that a cationic group, forexample, a group containing a quaternary nitrogen, for example,N,N-(di-methyl)-piperidin-4-yl and N,N-(di-methyl)-piperizinoillustrated above, is accompanied by an appropriate counter anion, forexample, halide anion, for example, Cl⁻.

The Group —R¹¹

(275) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —R¹¹ isindependently —H or —R^(11A).

(276) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —R¹¹ isindependently —R^(11A).

(277) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —R¹¹ isindependently —R^(11B).

(278) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —R¹¹ isindependently —H.

The Group —R^(11A)

(279) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), R^(Z3), —R^(Z4), —R^(Z5),-L^(Z)-R^(Z2), -L^(Z)-R^(Z3), -L^(Z)-R^(Z4), or -L^(Z)-R^(Z5).

(280) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), —R^(Z3), —R^(Z4),—R^(Z5), -L^(Z)-R^(Z4), or -L^(Z)-R^(Z5).

(281) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), —R^(Z3), —R^(Z4),-L^(Z)-R^(Z4), or -L^(Z)-R^(Z5).

(282) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), -L^(Z)-R^(Z4), or-L^(Z)-R^(Z5).

(283) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z2) or -L^(Z)-R^(Z4).

(284) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z1).

(285) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z2).

(286) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z3).

(287) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently —R^(Z4).

(288) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently -L^(Z)-R^(Z2).

(289) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently -L^(Z)-R^(Z3).

(290) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently -L^(Z)-R^(Z4).

(291) A compound according to any one of (1) to (278), wherein —R^(11A),if present, is independently -L^(Z)-R²⁵.

The Group —R^(Z1)

(292) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(293) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(294) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(295) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, —CH₂CH₂—OMe,—CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino, —CH₂CH₂-piperizino, or—CH₂CH₂—(N-methyl)piperizino.

(296) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, —CH₂CH₂—OMe,or —CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino.

(297) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -Me, -iPr, —CH₂CH₂—OMe,—CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino, —CH₂CH₂-piperizino, or—CH₂CH₂—(N-methyl)piperizino.

(298) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -iPr, —CH₂CH₂—OMe, or —CH₂CH₂-pyrrolidino.

(299) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(300) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or-tBu.

(301) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -Me.

(302) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₃₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(303) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₃₋₄alkyl.

(304) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or -tBu.

(305) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, or -tBu.

(306) A compound according to any one of (1) to (291), wherein —R^(Z1),if present, is independently -iPr.

The Group —R^(Z2)

(307) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently saturated saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X2), or is optionally fused to a benzene ringwhich is optionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(308) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently saturated saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X2).

(309) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently saturated saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl.

(310) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently saturated saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is fused to a benzene ring.

(311) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(312) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

(313) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(314) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.

(315) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and isfused to a benzene ring.

(316) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopentyl, and is fused to abenzene ring, for example, the following group:

(317) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclohexyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(318) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclohexyl.

(319) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopropyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(320) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein each—R^(Z2), if present, is independently cyclopropyl.

The Group —R^(Z3)

-   -   (321) A compound according to any one of (1) to (320), wherein        each —R^(Z3), if present, is independently —R^(Z3A).

(322) A compound according to any one of (1) to (320), wherein each—R^(Z3), if present, is independently —R^(Z3B).

The Group —R^(Z3A)

(323) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclyl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(324) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently non-aromatic C₃₋₄heterocyclyl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(325) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperizinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dixoanyl, azepanyl, or diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(326) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperizinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dixoanyl, azepanyl, or diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₄alkyl.

(327) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperizinyl, or tetrahydropyranyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(328) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperizinyl, or tetrahydropyranyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₄alkyl.

(329) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently selected from:

(330) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently piperidinyl or tetrahydropyranyl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(331) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently piperidinyl or tetrahydropyranyl,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(332) A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each—R^(Z3A), if present, is independently selected from:

The Group —R^(Z3B)

(333) A compound according to any one of (1) to (332), wherein each—R^(Z3B), if present, is independently saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents —R^(X2).

(334) A compound according to any one of (1) to (332), wherein each—R^(Z3B), if present, is independently saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with oneor more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(335) A compound according to any one of (1) to (332), wherein each—R^(Z3B), if present, is independently:

The Group —R^(Z4)

(336) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X3).

(337) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr,-tBu, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OMe, —C(═O)OEt, —C(═O)O(nPr), —C(═O)O(iPr),—C(═O)O(tBu), —OH, —OMe, —OEt, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —CN, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NHMe, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHMe, piperizino, N-(methyl)-piperizino,—CH₂—NMe₂, —CH₂-piperidino, —NHC(═O)NH₂, and —OCH₂O—.

(338) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituentsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OMe, —C(═O)OEt, —OH, —OMe, —OEt, and —OCH₂O—.

(339) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(340) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently selected from:

(341) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -tBu, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OMe, —C(═O)OEt, —C(═O)O(nPr), —C(═O)O(iPr), —C(═O)O(tBu), —OH,—OMe, —OEt, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —CN, —S(═O)₂NFi₂, —S(═O)₂NHMe, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHMe, piperizino, N-(methyl)-piperizino, —CH₂—NMe₂,—CH₂-piperidino, —NHC(═O)NH₂, and —OCH₂O—.

(342) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted at the meta- or para-position with a substituentindependently selected from —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OMe, —C(═O)OEt,—C(═O)O(nPr), —C(═O)O(iPr), —C(═O)O(tBu), —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHMe,—C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHMe, piperizino, N-(methyl)-piperizino, —CH₂—NMe₂,—CH₂-piperidino, or —NHC(═O)NH₂.

(343) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OMe,—C(═O)OEt, —OH, —OMe, —OEt, and —OCH₂O—.

(344) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently phenyl.

(345) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently naphthyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(346) A compound according to any one of (1) to (335), wherein each—R^(Z4), if present, is independently naphthyl.

The Group —R^(Z5)

(347) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(348) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl.

(349) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,triazolyl (e.g., 1H-[1,2,3]triazolyl, 2H-[1,2,3]triazolyl,4H-[1,2,4]triazolyl, 1H-[1,2,4]triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g.,[1,2,3]oxadiazolyl, furazanyl, [1,3,4]oxadiazolyl, [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl),thiadiazolyl (e.g., [1,2,3]thiadiazolyl, [1,2,5]thiadiazolyl,[1,3,4]thiadiazolyl, [1,2,4]thiadiazolyl), pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl (e.g., (1,3,5)-triazinyl), indolyl,isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothienyl,isobenzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl,benzoisoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl,phthalazinyl, or quinoxalinyl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(350) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl,indazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, phthalazinyl, orquinoxalinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X3).

(351) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl,indazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, phthalazinyl, orquinoxalinyl.

(352) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently C₅₋₆heteroaryl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(353) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently C₅₋₆heteroaryl.

(354) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(355) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl.

(356) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,or pyridazinyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one ormore substituents —R^(X3).

(357) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,or pyridazinyl.

(358) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyridyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(359) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyridyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from:

-   -   —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₄alkyl), and    -   —OH.

(360) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyridyl or pyridonyl.

(361) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyridyl.

(362) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).

(363) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(364) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyrazolyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X3).

(365) A compound according to any one of (1) to (346), wherein each—R^(Z5), if present, is independently pyrazolyl, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents selected fromC₁₋₄alkyl.

The Group -L^(Z)-

(366) A compound according to any one of (1) to (365), wherein each-L^(Z)-, if present, is independently —CH₂—, —CH(Me)—, —C(Me)₂, —CH₂CH₂—or —CH₂CH₂CH₂—

(367) A compound according to any one of (1) to (365), wherein each-L^(Z)-, if present, is independently —CH₂—, —CH(Me)—, or —CH₂CH₂—.

(368) A compound according to any one of (1) to (365), wherein each-L^(Z)-, if present, is independently —CH₂— or —CH(Me)—.

(369) A compound according to any one of (1) to (365), wherein each-L^(Z)-, if present, is independently —CH₂—.

The Group —R^(11B)

(370) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(J1),if present, is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(371) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(J1),if present, is independently —H, -Me, or -Et.

(372) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(J1),if present, is independently —H.

(373) A compound according to any one of (1) to (372), wherein —R^(J2),if present, is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(374) A compound according to any one of (1) to (372), wherein —R^(J2),if present, is independently —H, -Me, or -Et.

(375) A compound according to any one of (1) to (372), wherein —R^(J2),if present, is independently —H.

(376) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein —R^(J3),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, orbenzyl.

(377) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein —R^(J3),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(378) A compound according to any one of (1) to (377), wherein —R^(J4),if present, is independently —H, saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl,or benzyl.

(379) A compound according to any one of (1) to (377), wherein —R^(J4),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, orbenzyl.

(380) A compound according to any one of (1) to (377), wherein —R^(J4),if present, is independently —H or saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(381) A compound according to any one of (1) to (377), wherein —R^(J4),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(382) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently a C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl group,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(383) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently a C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl group,and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(384) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein ifpresent, is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,piperizino, azepino, diazepino, [1,4]-oxazepan-4-yl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoxalin-1-yl,3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl, or2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(385) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl or 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(386) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(387) A compound according to any one of (1) to (306), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, azepino, diazepino, [1,4]-oxazepan-4-yl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoxalin-1-yl,3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl, or2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, and is optionally substituted, forexample, with one or more substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₄alkyl.

(388) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl or 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl, and isoptionally substituted, with one or more substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(389) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl and is optionally substituted, withone or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(390) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl or 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl.

(391) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl.

(392) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently a non-aromaticC₃₋₇heterocyclyl group, and is optionally substituted, for example, withone or more substituents —R^(X2).

(393) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently a non-aromaticC₃₋₇heterocyclyl group, and is optionally substituted, for example, withone or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(394) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, or piperizino, and is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(395) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R³⁴, if present, is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, or piperizino, and is optionally substituted, for example,with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(396) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently selected from:

(397) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently piperidino, morpholino, orpiperizino, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(398) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently piperidino, morpholino, orpiperizino, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl.

(399) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently selected from:

(400) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently selected from:

(401) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently:

(402) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently:

Again, for the avoidance of doubt, it is intended that a cationic group,for example, a group containing a quaternary nitrogen, for example,N,N-(di-methyl)-piperizino illustrated above, is accompanied by anappropriate counter anion, for example, halide anion, for example, Cl⁻.

(403) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently:

(404) A compound according to any one of (1) to (375), wherein—NR^(J3)R^(J4), if present, is independently piperidino, morpholino,piperizino, or N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino.

(405) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(11B),if present, is independently selected from:

(406) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(11B),if present, is independently selected from:

(407) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(11B),if present, is independently:

(408) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(11B),if present, is independently selected from:

(409) A compound according to any one of (1) to (369), wherein —R^(11B),if present, is independently selected from:

The Group —R¹²

(410) A compound according to any one of (1) to (409), wherein —R¹² isindependently —H or —R^(12A).

(411) A compound according to any one of (1) to (409), wherein —R¹² isindependently —H.

(412) A compound according to any one of (1) to (409), wherein —R¹² isindependently —R^(12A).

The Group —R^(12A)

(413) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(414) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(415) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X1).

(416) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(417) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -sBu, -iBu, or-tBu.

(418) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

(419) A compound according to any one of (1) to (412), wherein —R^(12A),if present, is independently -Me.

The Group —NR¹¹R¹²

(420) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —NR¹¹R¹²is independently a C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl group, and is optionallysubstituted, for example, with one or more substituents —R^(X2).

(421) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —NR¹¹R¹²is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,azepino, tetrahydroquinolino, or tetrahydroisoquinolinyl and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(422) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —NR¹¹R¹²is independently a non-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclyl group, and isoptionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(423) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —NR¹¹R¹²is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, orazepino, and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2).

(424) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —NR¹¹R¹²is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or piperizino, andis optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents—R^(X2).

(425) A compound according to any one of (1) to (274), wherein —NR¹¹R¹²is independently selected from:

The Optional Substituents

(426) A compound according to any one of (1) to (425), wherein each—R^(X1), if present, is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, phenyl, —CF₃, —OH, —OR^(S), —OCF₃, —NH₂,        —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,        piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S),        —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(S),        —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino,        —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino,        —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-, —SR^(S), —S(═O)R^(S), and        —S(═O)₂R^(S);    -   wherein each —R^(S) is independently saturated aliphatic        C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, or —CH₂-phenyl;    -   wherein each phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more        groups selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(SS), —CF₃, —OH,        —OR^(SS), or —OCF₃, wherein each —R^(SS) is independently        saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(427) A compound according to (426), wherein each —R^(X1), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂,        pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S),        —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino,        —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and        —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-.

(428) A compound according to (426), wherein each —R^(X1), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino,        piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,        —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S),        —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,        —C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and        —C(═O{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-.

(429) A compound according to any one of (426) to (428), wherein each—R^(S), if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(430) A compound according to any one of (426) to (428), wherein each—R^(S), if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

The Optional Substituents —R^(X2)

(431) A compound according to any one of (1) to (430), wherein each—R^(X2), if present, is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(T), phenyl, —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T),        —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,        piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and        —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T);    -   wherein each —R^(T) is independently saturated aliphatic        C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, or —CH₂-phenyl;    -   wherein each phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more        groups selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(TT), —CF₃, —OH,        —OR^(TT), or —OCF₃, wherein each —R^(TT) is independently        saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

(432) A compound according to (431), wherein each —R^(X2), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂,        pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,        N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T).

(433) A compound according to (431), wherein each —R^(X2), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —R^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino,        piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,        —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T).

(434) A compound according to (431), wherein each —R^(X2), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,        morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T),        and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T).

(435) A compound according to (431), wherein each —R^(X2), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,        morpholino, piperizino, and N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino.

(436) A compound according to any one of (431) to (435), wherein each—R^(T), if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(437) A compound according to any one of (431) to (435), wherein each—R^(T), if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

The Optional Substituents —R^(X3)

(438) A compound according to any one of (1) to (437), wherein each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,    -   —R^(V),    -   —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, cyclopropyl,    -   —CF₃, —CHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂,    -   —CN,    -   —NO₂,    -   —OH, —OR^(V),    -   -L^(V)-OH,    -   —O-L^(V)-OH, —O-L^(V)-OR^(V),    -   —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,    -   piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,    -   -L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,    -   -L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino},    -   -L^(V)-imidazol-2-yl, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl},    -   —O-L^(V)-NH₂, —O-L^(V)-NHR^(V), —O-L^(V)-NR^(V)2,    -   —O-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, —O-L^(V)-piperidino, —O-L^(V)-morpholino,    -   —O-L^(V)-piperizino, —O-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino},    -   —O-L^(V)-imidazol-2-yl, —O-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl},    -   —NHC(═O)R^(V), —NR^(V)C(═O)R^(V),    -   —C(═O)R^(V),    -   —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V),    -   —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂.    -   —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,    -   —C(═O)-piperizino, —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-,    -   —NHC(═O)NH₂, —NHC(═O)NHR^(V), —NHC(═O)NR^(V) ₂,    -   —NHC(═O)-pyrrolidino, —NHC(═O)-piperidino, —NHC(═O)-morpholino,    -   —NHC(═O)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-,    -   —S(═O)₂R^(V),    -   —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR², and    -   ═O;    -   wherein each -L^(V)- is independently saturated aliphatic        C₁₋₄alkylene;    -   wherein each —R^(V) is independently saturated aliphatic        C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, —CH₂-phenyl, C₅₋₈heteroaryl, or        —CH₂—C₅₋₆heteroaryl;    -   wherein each phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more        groups selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(W), —CF₃, —OH,        —OR^(W), or —OCF₃;    -   wherein each C₅₋₆heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one        or more groups selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(W), —CF₃,        —OH, —OR^(W), or —OCF₃;    -   wherein each —R^(W) is independently saturated aliphatic        C₁₋₄alkyl;    -   and additionally, two adjacent groups —R^(X3) may together form        —OCH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂O—, —CH₂OCH₂— or —OCH₂CH₂—;    -   and additionally, two adjacent groups —R^(X3) may, together with        the ring atoms to which they are attached, form a        C₅₋₇-carbocyclic ring or a C₅₋₇heterocyclic ring.

(439) A compound according to (438), wherein each —R^(X3), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,    -   —R^(V),    -   —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, cyclopropyl,    -   —CF₃, —CHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂,    -   —CN,    -   —NO₂,    -   —OH, —OR^(V),    -   -L^(V)-OH, -L^(V)-OR^(V),    -   —O-L^(V)-OH, —O-L^(V)-OR^(V),    -   —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,    -   piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,    -   -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,    -   -L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,    -   -L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino},    -   -L^(V)-imidazol-2-yl,    -   —O-L^(V)-NH₂, —O-L^(V)-NHR^(V), —O-L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,    -   —O-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, —O-L^(V)-piperidino, —O-L^(V)-morpholino,    -   —O-L^(V)-piperizino, —O-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino},    -   —O-L^(V)-imidazol-2-yl, —O-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl},    -   —NHC(═O)R^(V), —NR^(V)C(═O)R^(V),    -   —C(═O)R^(V),    -   —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V),    -   —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂,    -   —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,    -   —C(═O)-piperizino, —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-,    -   —NHC(═O)NH₂, —NHC(═O)NHR^(V), —NHC(═O)NR^(V) ₂,    -   —NHC(═O)-pyrrolidino, —NHC(═O)-piperidino, —NHC(═O)-morpholino,    -   —NHC(═O)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)—{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-,    -   —S(═O)₂R^(V),    -   —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and    -   ═O_(;)    -   and additionally, two adjacent groups —R^(X3) may together form        —OCH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂O—, —CH₂OCH₂— or —OCH₂CH₂—.

(440) A compound according to (438), wherein each —R^(X3), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,    -   —R^(V),    -   —OH, —OR^(V),    -   —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂,    -   pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,    -   piperizino, and N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino.

(441) A compound according to (438), wherein each —R^(X3), if present,is independently selected from:

-   -   —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,    -   —R^(V),    -   —OH, —OR^(V),    -   —NH₂, —NHR^(V), and —NR^(V) ₂.

(442) A compound according to any one of (438) to (441), wherein each-L^(V)-, if present, is independently —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, or—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—.

(443) A compound according to any one of (438) to (441), wherein each-L^(V)-, if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₂₋₄alkylene.

(444) A compound according to any one of (438) to (441), wherein each-L^(V)-, if present, is independently —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, or—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—.

(445) A compound according to any one of (438) to (444), wherein each—R^(V), if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl.

(446) A compound according to any one of (438) to (444), wherein each—R^(V), if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl.

Molecular Weight

(447) A compound according to any one of (1) to (446), wherein thecompound has a molecular weight of from 258 to 1200.

(448) A compound according to (447), wherein the bottom of range is 275,300, 325, 350, 375, 400, or 500.

(449) A compound according to (447) or (448), wherein the top of rangeis 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, or 600.

(450) A compound according to any one of (1) to (446), wherein thecompound has a molecular weight of range from 500 to 800.

Specific Compounds

(451) A compound according to (1), selected from compounds of thefollowing formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, andsolvates thereof:

Code Structure PVA-001

PVA-002

PVA-003

PVA-004

PVA-005

PVA-006

PVA-007

PVA-008

PVA-009

PVA-010

PVA-011

PVA-012

PVA-013

PVA-014

PVA-015

PVA-016

PVA-017

PVA-018

PVA-019

PVA-020

PVA-021

PVA-022

PVA-023

PVA-024

PVA-025

PVA-026

PVA-027

PVA-028

PVA-029

PVA-030

PVA-031

PVA-032

PVA-033

PVA-034

PVA-035

PVA-036

PVA-037

PVA-038

PVA-039

PVA-040

PVA-041

PVA-042

PVA-043

PVA-044

PVA-045

PVA-046

PVA-047

PVA-048

PVA-049

PVA-050

PVA-051

PVA-052

PVA-053

PVA-054

PVA-055

PVA-056

PVA-057

PVA-058

PVA-059

PVA-060

PVA-061

PVA-062

PVA-063

PVA-064

PVA-065

PVA-066

PVA-067

PVA-068

PVA-069

PVA-070

PVA-071

PVA-072

PVA-073

PVA-074

PVA-075

PVA-076

PVA-077

PVA-078

PVA-079

PVA-080

PVA-081

PVA-082

PVA-083

PVA-084

PVA-085

PVA-086

PVA-087

PVA-088

PVA-089

PVA-090

PVA-091

PVA-092

PVA-093

PVA-094

PVA-095

PVA-096

PVA-097

PVA-098

PVA-099

PVA-100

PVA-101

PVA-102

PVA-103

PVA-104

PVA-105

PVA-106

PVA-107

PVA-108

PVA-109

PVA-110

PVA-111

PVA-112

PVA-113

PVA-114

PVA-115

PVA-116

PVA-117

PVA-118

PVA-119

PVA-120

PVA-121

PVA-122

PVA-123

PVA-124

PVA-125

PVA-126

PVA-127

PVA-128

PVA-129

PVA-130

PVA-131

PVA-132

PVA-133

PVA-134

PVA-135

PVA-136

PVA-137

PVA-138

PVA-139

PVA-140

PVA-141

PVA-142

PVA-143

PVA-144

PVA-145

PVA-146

PVA-147

PVA-148

PVA-149

PVA-150

PVA-151

PVA-152

PVA-153

PVA-154

PVA-155

PVA-156

PVA-157

PVA-158

PVA-159

PVA-160

PVA-161

PVA-162

PVA-163

PVA-164

PVA-165

PVA-166

PVA-167

PVA-168

PVA-169

PVA-170

PVA-171

PVA-172

PVA-173

PVA-174

PVA-175

PVA-176

PVA-177

PVA-178

PVA-179

PVA-180

PVA-181

PVA-182

PVA-183

PVA-184

PVA-185

PVA-186

PVA-187

PVA-188

PVA-189

PVA-190

PVA-191

PVA-192

PVA-193

PVA-194

PVA-195

PVA-196

PVA-197

PVA-198

PVA-199

PVA-200

PVA-201

PVA-202

PVA-203

PVA-204

PVA-205

PVA-206

PVA-207

PVA-208

PVA-209

PVA-210

PVA-211

PVA-212

PVA-213

PVA-214

PVA-215

PVA-216

Combinations

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodimentspertaining to the chemical groups represented by the variables (e.g.,R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², —R^(1A), —R^(2A),—R^(3A), —R^(4A), —R^(5A), —R^(6A), —R^(7A), —R^(7B), —R^(7B1),—R^(7B2), —R^(7BB), —R^(7BB1), —R^(7BB2), —R^(7BB3), —R^(7BB4), —R^(8A),—R^(9A), —R^(10A), —R^(10B), —R^(10C), —R^(10D), —R^(11A), —R^(11B),—R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), —R^(Z3), —R^(Z3A), —R^(Z3B), —R^(Z4), —R^(Z5),-L^(Z)-, —R^(J1), —R^(J2), —R^(J3), —R^(J4), —R^(12A), —R^(X1), —R^(X2),—R^(X3), etc.) are specifically embraced by the present invention andare disclosed herein just as if each and every combination wasindividually and explicitly disclosed, to the extent that suchcombinations embrace compounds that are stable compounds (i.e.,compounds that can be isolated, characterised, and tested for biologicalactivity). In addition, all sub-combinations of the chemical groupslisted in the embodiments describing such variables are alsospecifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed hereinjust as if each and every such sub-combination of chemical groups wasindividually and explicitly disclosed herein.

Substantially Purified Forms

One aspect of the present invention pertains to PVA compounds, asdescribed herein, in substantially purified form and/or in a formsubstantially free from contaminants.

In one embodiment, the substantially purified form is at least 50% byweight, e.g., at least 60% by weight, e.g., at least 70% by weight,e.g., at least 80% by weight, e.g., at least 90% by weight, e.g., atleast 95% by weight, e.g., at least 97% by weight, e.g., at least 98% byweight, e.g., at least 99% by weight.

Unless specified, the substantially purified form refers to the compoundin any stereoisomeric or enantiomeric form. For example, in oneembodiment, the substantially purified form refers to a mixture ofstereoisomers, i.e., purified with respect to other compounds. In oneembodiment, the substantially purified form refers to one stereoisomer,e.g., optically pure stereoisomer. In one embodiment, the substantiallypurified form refers to a mixture of enantiomers. In one embodiment, thesubstantially purified form refers to a equimolar mixture of enantiomers(i.e., a racemic mixture, a racemate). In one embodiment, thesubstantially purified form refers to one enantiomer, e.g., opticallypure enantiomer.

In one embodiment, the contaminants represent no more than 50% byweight, e.g., no more than 40% by weight, e.g., no more than 30% byweight, e.g., no more than 20% by weight, e.g., no more than 10% byweight, e.g., no more than 5% by weight, e.g., no more than 3% byweight, e.g., no more than 2% by weight, e.g., no more than 1% byweight.

Unless specified, the contaminants refer to other compounds, that is,other than stereoisomers or enantiomers. In one embodiment, thecontaminants refer to other compounds and other stereoisomers. In oneembodiment, the contaminants refer to other compounds and the otherenantiomer.

In one embodiment, the substantially purified form is at least 60%optically pure (i.e., 60% of the compound, on a molar basis, is thedesired stereoisomer or enantiomer, and 40% is the undesiredstereoisomer or enantiomer), e.g., at least 70% optically pure, e.g., atleast 80% optically pure, e.g., at least 90% optically pure, e.g., atleast 95% optically pure, e.g., at least 97% optically pure, e.g., atleast 98% optically pure, e.g., at least 99% optically pure.

Geminal Diols, Hemiacetals, and Acetals

It is anticipated that the 2-oxa (—C(═O)—) group of the pyruvamidemoiety of the PVA compounds may deliberately or inadvertently beconverted entirely or partially to the corresponding geminal diol,hemi-acetal, or acetal upon contact with water, an alcohol, or a mixtureof water and an alcohol. Such a transformation may occur, for exampleduring purification (e.g., during recrystallisation from an aqueous oralcoholic solvent). This is illustrated below wherein, for example, each—R^(A) is independently C₁₋₄alkyl, for example, -Me. Furthermore, acyclic acetal may be formed if a diol is used, for example, ethyleneglycol, to produce the corresponding 1,3-dioxolane.

It is anticipated that in aqueous solution any such geminal diols,hemiacetals, and acetals would be present in equilibrium with the parentcompound. For the avoidance of doubt, it is intended that, unlessotherwise specified, references herein to the PVA compounds alsoencompass such geminal diol, hemi-acetal, and acetal forms.

Isomers

Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric,optical, enantiomeric, diastereoisomeric, epimeric, atropic,stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, includingbut not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, andr-forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d-and I-forms; (+) and (−) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn-and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; α- and β-forms; axialand equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, andhalfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectivelyreferred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).

A reference to a class of structures may well include structurallyisomeric forms falling within that class (e.g., C₁₋₇alkyl includesn-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl;methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl). However,reference to a specifc group or substitution pattern is not intended toinclude other structural (or constitutional isomers) which differ withrespect to the connections between atoms rather than by positions inspace. For example, a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH₃, is not to beconstrued as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethylgroup, —CH₂OH. Similarly, a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to beconstrued as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.

The above exclusion does not pertain to tautomeric forms, for example,keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms, as in, for example, the followingtautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine,amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime,thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hydroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.

For example, 1H-pyridin-2-one-5-yl and 2-hydroxyl-pyridin-5-yl (shownbelow) are tautomers of one another. A reference herein to one isintended to encompass both. See, for example, PVA-084.

Note that specifically included in the term “isomer” are compounds withone or more isotopic substitutions. For example, H may be in anyisotopic form, including ¹H, ²H (D), and ³H (T); C may be in anyisotopic form, including ¹²C, ¹³C, and ¹⁴C; O may be in any isotopicform, including ¹⁸O and ¹⁸O; and the like.

Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compoundincludes all such isomeric forms, including mixtures (e.g., racemicmixtures) thereof. Methods for the preparation (e.g., asymmetricsynthesis) and separation (e.g., fractional crystallisation andchromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in theart or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, orknown methods, in a known manner.

Salts

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle acorresponding salt of the compound, for example, apharmaceutically-acceptable salt. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are discussed in Berge at al., 1977, “PharmaceuticallyAcceptable Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.

For example, if the compound is anionic, or has a functional group whichmay be anionic (e.g., —COOH may be —COO⁻), then a salt may be formedwith a suitable cation. Examples of suitable inorganic cations include,but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na⁺ and K⁺, alkalineearth cations such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, and other cations such as Al⁺³.Examples of suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to,ammonium ion (i.e., NH₄ ⁺) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g., NH₃R⁺,NH₂R₂ ⁺, NHR₃ ⁺, NR₄ ⁺). Examples of some suitable substituted ammoniumions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine,dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine,ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine,phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well asamino acids, such as lysine and arginine. An example of a commonquaternary ammonium ion is N(CH₃)₄ ⁺.

If the compound is cationic, or has a functional group which uponprotonation may become cationic (e.g., —NH₂ may become —NH₃ ⁺), then asalt may be formed with a suitable anion.

For example, if a parent structure contains a cationic group (e.g.,—NMe₂ ⁺), or has a functional group which upon protonation may becomecationic (e.g., —NH₂ may become —NH₃ ⁺), then a salt may be formed witha suitable anion. In the case of a quaternary ammonium compound acounter-anion is generally always present in order to balance thepositive charge. If, in addition to a cationic group (e.g., —NMe₂ ⁺,—NH₃ ⁺), the compound also contains a group capable of forming an anion(e.g., —COOH), then an inner salt (also referred to as a zwitterion) maybe formed.

Examples of suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to,those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric,hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous,phosphoric, and phosphorous.

Examples of suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to,those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic,acetic, trifluoroacetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic,cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric,glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic,hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric,maleic, rnalic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic,pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic,salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, andvaleric. Examples of suitable polymeric organic anions include, but arenot limited to, those derived from the following polymeric acids: tannicacid, carboxymethyl cellulose.

Examples of suitable counter-ions which are especially suitable forquaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., those with a —NMe₂ ⁺ group) include1-adamantane sulfonate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bromide, chloride,iodide, methanesulfonate, methylsulfate, 1,5-napthalene bis sulfonate,4-nitrobenzenesulfonate, formate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate,trifluoromethylsulfonate, sulphate. Again, if the compound also containsa group capable of forming an anion (e.g., —COON), then an inner saltmay be formed.

Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound alsoincludes salt forms thereof.

Solvates and Hydrates

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle acorresponding solvate of the compound. The term “solvate” is used hereinin the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g.,compound, salt of compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, thesolvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, amono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.

Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound alsoincludes solvate and hydrate forms thereof.

Chemically Protected Forms

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle thecompound in a chemically protected form. The term “chemically protectedform” is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains toa compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protectedfrom undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g.,pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like). In practice, wellknown chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive afunctional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specifiedconditions. In a chemically protected form, one or more reactivefunctional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group(also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blockinggroup). By protecting a reactive functional group, reactions involvingother unprotected reactive functional groups can be performed, withoutaffecting the protected group; the protecting group may be removed,usually in a subsequent step, without substantially affecting theremainder of the molecule. See, for example, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis (T. Green and P. Wuts; 4th Edition; John Wiley andSons, 2006).

A wide variety of such “protecting,” “blocking,” or “masking” methodsare widely used and well known in organic synthesis. For example, acompound which has two nonequivalent reactive functional groups, both ofwhich would be reactive under specified conditions, may be derivatizedto render one of the functional groups “protected,” and thereforeunreactive, under the specified conditions; so protected, the compoundmay be used as a reactant which has effectively only one reactivefunctional group. After the desired reaction (involving the otherfunctional group) is complete, the protected group may be “deprotected”to return it to its original functionality.

For example, a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (—OR) or anester (—OC(═O)R), for example, as: a t-butyl ether; a benzyl,benzhydryl(diphenylmethyl), or trityl(triphenylmethyl)ether; atrimethylsilyl or t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; or an acetyl ester(−OC(═O)CH₃, —OAc).

For example, an aldehyde or ketone group may be protected as an acetal(R—CH(OR)₂) or ketal (R₂C(OR)₂), respectively, in which the carbonylgroup (>C═O) is converted to a diether (>C(OR)₂), by reaction with, forexample, a primary alcohol. The aldehyde or ketone group is readilyregenerated, for example, by hydrolysis using water in the presence ofacid.

For example, an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide(—NRCO—R) or a urethane (—NRCO—OR), for example, as: a methyl amide(—NHCO—CH₃); a benzyloxy amide (—NHCO—OCH₂C₆H₅, —NH-Cbz); as a t-butoxyamide (—NHCO—OC(CH₃)₃, —NH-Boc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide(—NHCO—OC(CH₃)₂C₆H₄C₆H₅, —NH-Bpoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide(—NH-Fmoc), as a 6-nitroveratryloxy amide (—NH-Nvoc), as a2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (—NH-Teoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxyamide (—NH-Troc), as an allyloxy amide (—NH-Alloc), as a2(-phenylsulfonyl)ethyloxy amide (—NH-Psec); or, in suitable cases(e.g., cyclic amines), as a nitroxide radical (>N—O.).

For example, a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester forexample, as: an C₁₋₇alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester, a t-butyl ester);a C₁₋₇haloalkyl ester (e.g., a C₁₋₇trihaloalkyl ester); atriC₁₋₇alkylsilyl-C₁₋₇alkyl ester; or a C₅₋₂₀aryl-C₁₋₇alkyl ester (e.g.,a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester); or as an amide, for example, as amethyl amide.

For example, a thiol group may be protected as a thioether (—SR), forexample, as: a benzyl thioether; an acetamidomethyl ether(—S—CH₂NHC(═O)CH₃).

Prodrugs

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle thecompound in the form of a prodrug. The term “prodrug,” as used herein,pertains to a compound which yields the desired active compound in vivo.Typically, the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the desiredactive compound, but may provide advantageous handling, administration,or metabolic properties.

For example, some prodrugs are esters of the active compound (e.g., aphysiologically acceptable metabolically labile ester). Duringmetabolism, the ester group (—C(═O)OR) is cleaved to yield the activedrug. Such esters may be formed by esterification, for example, of anyof the carboxylic acid groups (—C(═O)OH) in the parent compound, with,where appropriate, prior protection of any other reactive groups presentin the parent compound, followed by deprotection if required.

Another form of prodrug of the PVA compounds may be one wherein the2-oxa (C═O) group of the PVA compound is protected, for example, as anacetal or hemiacetal, which is converted, in vivo, to the corresponding2-oxa group.

Also, some prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the activecompound, or a compound which, upon further chemical reaction, yieldsthe active compound (for example, as in antibody directed enzyme prodrugtherapy (ADEPT), gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), lipiddirected enzyme prodrug therapy (LIDEPT), etc.). For example, theprodrug may be a sugar derivative or other glycoside conjugate, or maybe an amino acid ester derivative.

Chemical Synthesis

Several methods for the chemical synthesis of PVA compounds of thepresent invention are described herein. These and/or other well knownmethods may be modified and/or adapted in known ways in order tofacilitate the synthesis of additional compounds within the scope of thepresent invention.

Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared, for example, by reacting anα-hydroxyamide of Formula (II) with an appropriate oxidising agent, asillustrated in the following scheme. Suitable oxidising agents include,but are not limited to, Dess-Martin periodinane, pyridiniumchlorochromate (PCC), tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP), and theuse of Swem or modified Swern conditions, which use DMSO in conjunctionwith an activating agent such as oxalyl chloride.

α-Hydroxyamides of Formula (II) can be prepared by several differentroutes which are well known in the art. Examples of such methods aredescribed in Arasappan et al., 2009; Barrett et al., 2005; and Zhaozhaoet al., 1996. One method for the synthesis of compounds of Formula (II)when R¹² is H involves the reaction of the corresponding peptidylaldehyde (III) with an isonitrile using a modified Passerini reaction(see, for example, Marcaccini et al., 2005), as illustrated in thefollowing scheme.

Isonitriles may be prepared using methods known in the art. One methodinvolves the dehydration of the corresponding formamide using reagentssuch as, but not limited to, p-tosylchloride, thionyl chloride,phosphoryl chloride, and diphosgene.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (II) may be prepared by reacting acompound of Formula (A) with a compound of Formula (IV) using standardacid-amine coupling conditions, as illustrated in the following scheme.Such conditions are known in the art. A potential side reaction undersuch conditions can be the epimerisation of the R⁴/R⁵ chiral centre. Itis common to avoid such side reactions by carrying out low temperaturecoupling reactions using a mixed anhydride derived from Formula (A).Mixed anhydrides are commonly generated in situ using, for example,iso-butylchloroformate or ethylchloroformate and a mild base, such asN-methylmorpholine. Such methods are in the art.

Compounds of Formula (IV) may be prepared in several steps from asuitably protected α-aminoaldehyde. The sequence of reactions involvesformation of the corresponding cyanohydrin followed by hydrolysis togenerate the corresponding hydroxy acid. The hydroxy acid can be used togenerate a range of amides using standard acid-amine coupling reactions,with a compound of Formula (IV) being generated following removal of thenitrogen protecting group.

Suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to,benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), andfluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc). A review of amine protecting groupscan be found, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rdEd., (T. Green and P. Wuts; 4th Edition; Wiley-Interscience, 1999), pp.494-653.

Methods for preparing α-aminoaldehydes include oxidation of thecorresponding alcohol or reduction of the corresponding Weinreb amide,both of which can be made from suitably protected α-amino acids usingmethods known in the art.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared by treatment ofa triphenylphosphine acetonitrile intermediate of Formula (P) with ozoneto generate the corresponding acyl-cyanide in situ, followed by reactionwith a suitable amine nucleophile, as illustrated in the followingscheme. Triphenylphosphine acetonitrile intermediates may be preparedfrom the corresponding peptide using conditions analogous to those usedin acid-amine coupling reactions. Such conditions include the use of1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) with catalytic4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and are known in the art.

Dipeptide and tripeptide derivatives may be synthesised on a polymeric(e.g., polystyrene resin) using standard resin-based Fmoc couplingmethods. The first Fmoc protected amino acid is generally coupled toWang or 2-choro-trityl resin. Subsequent amino acids are coupled usingstandard acid-amine coupling conditions. Suitable conditions include theuse of hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) with N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide(DIC) or 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uroniumhexafluorophosphate methanaminium (HATU),O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N,N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate(TBTU),O-Benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate(HBTU), or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (PyBop), with a suitable base such as DIPEA. Furtherinformation on the synthesis of peptides on resin may be found, forexample, in: Chan and White, Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: APractical Approach (Oxford University Press, 2000).

Alternatively, peptide derivatives can be built up in a sequentialfashion using solution chemistry with appropriately protected aminoacids using methods known in the art. The use of suitable nitrogenprotecting groups such as Boc, Cbz or Fmoc coupled with low temperaturemixed-anhydride coupling conditions is commonly used for this purpose.

Compositions

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a composition (e.g., apharmaceutical composition) comprising a PVA compound, as describedherein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, orexcipient.

In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a dry powder, forexample, suitable for delivery (e.g., administration) using a dry powderinhaler (DPI). Examples of sutable DPIs are well-known in the art. DPIadministration may be used to deliver the drug to the lung or the nose.

In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a suspension, forexample, suitable for delivery (e.g., administration) using a nebuliser.This may be used to deliver the drug to the lung or the nose.

In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a solution orsuspension in a liquid propellant, for example, suitable for delivery(e.g., administration) as an aerosol, for example, using a pressurisedmetered dose inhaler (pMDI). Examples of sutable pMDls are well-known inthe art. Suitable propellants are well-known in the art, and include,for example, dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane,dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, HFA-134a, HFA-227, HCFC-22, HFA-152,isobutene, and carbon dioxide. This may be used to deliver the drug tothe lung or the nose.

In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of an aqueoussolution, for example, suitable for delivery (e.g., administration)using a dropper, syringe, metered dose spray pump or atomiser. This maybe used to deliver the drug to the nose.

In one embodiment, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g.,1, 2, 3, 4) additional therapeutic agents, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method ofpreparing a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprisingadmixing a PVA compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method ofpreparing a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprisingadmixing a PVA compound, as described herein; one or more (e.g., 1, 2,3, 4) additional therapeutic agents, as described herein; and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

Uses

The compounds described herein are useful, for example, in the treatmentof diseases and disorders that are ameliorated by the inhibition of adust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1),such as, for example, asthma; rhinitis; allergic conjunctivitis; atopicdermatitis; an allergic condition which is triggered by dust mites; anallergic condition which is triggered by a dust mite Group 1 peptidaseallergen; and canine atopy.

Use in Methods of Inhibiting a Dust Mite Group 1 Peptidase Allergen

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of inhibiting adust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1),in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a dust mite Group 1 peptidaseallergen with an effective amount of a PVA compound, as describedherein.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of inhibiting adust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1)in a cell, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting the cell with aneffective amount of a PVA compound, as described herein.

Suitable assays for determining inhibition of a dust mite Group 1peptidase allergen are described herein and/or are known in the art.

Use in Methods of Therapy

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compound, asdescribed herein, for use in a method of treatment of the human oranimal body by therapy.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compound, asdescribed herein, in combination with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4)additional therapeutic agents, as described herein, for use in a methodof treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

Use in the Manufacture of Medicaments

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a PVAcompound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament foruse in treatment.

In one embodiment, the medicament comprises the PVA compound.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a PVAcompound, as described herein, and one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4)additional therapeutic agents, as described herein, in the manufactureof a medicament for use in treatment.

In one embodiment, the medicament comprises the PVA compound and the oneor more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4) additional therapeutic agents.

Methods of Treatment

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method oftreatment comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a PVA compound, as described herein,preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method oftreatment comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a PVA compound, as described herein,preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, and one or more(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4) additional therapeutic agents, as described herein,preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

Conditions Treated: Diseases and Disorders Mediated by a Dust Mite Group1 Peptidase Allergen

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of a disease or disorder that is mediated by a dust mite Group1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1).

Conditions Treated: Diseases and Disorders Ameliorated by the Inhibitionof a Dust Mite Group 1 Peptidase Allergen

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: a disease or condition that is ameliorated by theinhibition of a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Derf 1, Eur m 1).

Conditions Treated: Particular Diseases and Disorders

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: asthma, for example, atopic asthma; allergic asthma;atopic bronchial IgE-mediated asthma; bronchial asthma; extrinsicasthma; allergen-induced asthma; allergic asthma exacerbated byrespiratory virus infection; infective asthma; infective asthma causedby bacterial infection; infective asthma caused by fungal infection;infective asthma caused by protozoal infection; or infective asthmacaused by viral infection.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: bronchial hyper-reactivity associated with asthma; orbronchial hyper-responsiveness associated with asthma.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: airway remodelling associated with an allergic lungdisease, for example, airway remodelling associated with asthma.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: asthma co-presented with a chronic obstructive lungdisease, for example, asthma co-presented with emphysema; or asthmaco-presented with chronic bronchitis.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: rhinitis, for example, allergic rhinitis; perennialrhinitis; persistent rhinitis; or IgE-mediated rhinitis.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: allergic conjunctivitis, for example, IgE-mediatedconjunctivitis.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: atopic dermatitis.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: an allergic condition which is triggered by dust mites.

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: an allergic condition which is triggered by dust miteGroup 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p 1, Der f 1, Eur m 1).

In one embodiment (e.g., of use in methods of therapy, of use in themanufacture of medicaments, of methods of treatment), the treatment istreatment of: canine atopy.

Treatment

The term “treatment,” as used herein in the context of treating acondition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of ahuman or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which somedesired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition ofthe progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate ofprogress, a halt in the rate of progress, alleviatiation of symptoms ofthe condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis) is alsoincluded. For example, use with patients who have not yet developed thecondition, but who are at risk of developing the condition, isencompassed by the term “treatment.”

For example, treatment includes the prophylaxis of asthma, reducing theincidence of asthma, reducing the severity of asthma, alleviating thesymptoms of asthma, etc.

The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains tothat amount of a compound, or a material, composition or dosage formcomprising a compound, which is effective for producing some desiredtherapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio,when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.

Combination Therapies

The term “treatment” includes combination treatments and therapies, inwhich two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example,sequentially or simultaneously. For example, the compounds describedherein may also be used in combination therapies, e.g., in conjunctionwith other agents.

Typical examples of combinations for inhaled use in treatment ofrespiratory disease are fixed combinations of glucocorticoid receptoragonists and beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists. Such a combination product is“Advair” (also known as “Seretide”), which is a fixed combination offluticasone propionate and salmeterol. Such combinations may be used indry powder devices, pressurised metered dose inhalers and nebulisers.Many other respiratory agents may be used in fixed combinations in suchdevices. They may also be administered separately from different devicesin different relative doses.

An inhaled combination product will be a fixed combination of a compounddescribed herein with one or more additional agents (in which the ratiosare decided on the merits of the individual components and selected froma suitable range by experimen_(t)) together with appropriate excipients.

For example, one aspect of the present invention pertains to a compoundas described herein, in combination with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4)additional therapeutic agents.

Thus, the agents (i.e., the compound described herein, plus one or moreother agents) may be administered simultaneously in fixed combination orat different times by individually varying dose schedules from a similaror different inhalation device. The precise dosage regimen of eithercombination or sequential treatment will be commensurate with theproperties of the therapeutic agent(s).

Additional Therapeutic Agents

The PVA compounds described herein may be used in combination with oneor more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4) additional therapeutic agents, for example,in combination therapy as described herein.

In one embodiment, the one or more additional therapeutic agents areselected from agents used, or likely to be used, in the treatment of arespiratory disease.

In one embodiment, the one or more additional therapeutic agents areselected from: an anti-asthma agent and an anti-allergy agent.

In one embodiment, the one or more additional therapeutic agents areselected from:

a beta₂-adrenergic agonist;

an antagonist of the M3 muscarinic receptor;

a dual beta₂ adrenoceptor agonist-M3 muscarinic antagonist;

a glucocorticoid receptor agonist;

a leukotriene antagonist;

a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor;

a cromone;

an immunosuppressant;

an immune response modifier, e.g., an agonist of one or more Toll-LikeReceptors (e.g., TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9) or a vaccine;

a xanthine derivative;

a selective phoshodiesterase (PDE) isoenzyme inhibitor, e.g., aninhibitor of PDE4 and/or PDE5;

an inhibitor of certain kinase enzymes, e.g., p38 mitogen-activatedprotein (MAP) kinase, IkappaB kinase 2 (IKK2), tyrosine-protein kinase(Syk), and phosphoinositide-3 kinase gamma (PI3 Kgamma);

a histamine type 1 receptor antagonist;

a alpha adrenoceptor agonist vasoconstrictor sympathomimetic;

an inhibitor of a matrix metalloprotease;

a modulator of chemokine receptor function;

a cytokine;

a modulator of cytokine function;

an agent which act on a cytokine signalling pathway;

an immunoglobulin;

an immunoglobulin preparation;

an antagonist that modulates immunoglobulin function;

an antibody that modulates immunoglobulin function;

a lung surfactant protein, especially SP-A, SP-D;

an inhibitor of Der p 3, an inhibitor of Der p 6, and an inhibitor ofDer p 9.

Use as an Acaricide

The PVA compounds described herein may also be used as an acaricide,e.g., to control the population of, or to kill, mites, e.g., dust mites.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a PVA compound, asdescribed herein, for use as an acaricide.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a compositioncomprising a PVA compound, as described herein, for use as an acaricide.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to an acaricidecomposition comprising a PVA compound, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a PVAcompound, as described herein, as an acaricide.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains a method of killingmites (e.g., dust mites), comprising exposing said mites to an effectiveamount of a PVA compound, as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains a method of controlling(e.g., limiting) a mite (e.g., dust mite) population comprising exposingmites to an effective amount of a PVA compound, as described herein.

Other Uses

The PVA compounds described herein may also be used as cell cultureadditives to inhibit a dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen (e.g., Der p1, Der f 1, Eur m 1).

The PVA compounds described herein may also be used as part of an invitro assay, for example, in order to determine whether a candidate hostis likely to benefit from treatment with the compound in question.

The PVA compounds described herein may also be used as a standard, forexample, in an assay, in order to identify other compounds, other dustmite Group 1 peptidase allergen inhibitors, other anti-asthma agents,etc.

Kits

One aspect of the invention pertains to a kit comprising (a) a PVAcompound as described herein, or a composition comprising a PVA compoundas described herein, e.g., preferably provided in a suitable containerand/or with suitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, e.g.,written instructions on how to administer the compound or composition.

In one embodiment, the kit further comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4) additional therapeutic agents, as described herein.

The written instructions may also include a list of indications forwhich the active ingredient is a suitable treatment.

Routes of Administration

The PVA compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the PVAcompound may be administered to a subject by any convenient route ofadministration, whether systemically/peripherally or topically (i.e., atthe site of desired action).

Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g., byingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by apatch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, e.g., by a patch,plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray, drops or from anatomiser or dry powder delivery device); ocular (e.g., by eyedrops);pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., anaerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppositoryor enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, byinjection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular,intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal,intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal,intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, andintrasternal; by implant of a depot or reservoir, for example,subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

The Subject/Patient

The subject/patient may be a chordate, a vertebrate, a mammal, aplacental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a rodent (e.g.,a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), alagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog),feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig),ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., amonkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g.,gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutang, gibbon), or a human.

Furthermore, the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development,for example, a foetus.

In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a human.

In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a dog.

Formulations

While it is possible for the PVA compound to be administered alone, itis preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation (e.g.,composition, preparation, medicament) comprising at least one PVAcompound, as described herein, together with one or more otherpharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled inthe art, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers,preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers,surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents,flavouring agents, and sweetening agents. The formulation may furthercomprise other active agents, for example, other therapeutic orprophylactic agents.

Thus, the present invention further provides pharmaceuticalcompositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising admixing at least one PVA compound, as describedherein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptableingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers,diluents, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g.,tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) ofthe compound.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, pertains tocompounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc.,which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for usein contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human)without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or otherproblem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/riskratio. Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable”in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation.

Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standardpharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990; and Handbookof Pharmaceutical Excipients, 5th edition, 2005.

The formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art ofpharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association thecompound with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessoryingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly andintimately bringing into association the compound with carriers (e.g.,liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shapingthe product, if necessary.

The formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release;immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combinationthereof.

Formulations may suitably be in the form of liquids, solutions (e.g.,aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous),emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups,electuaries, mouthwashes, drops, tablets (including, e.g., coatedtablets), granules, powders, losenges, pastilles, capsules (including,e.g., hard and soft gelatin capsules), cachets, pills, ampoules,boluses, suppositories, pessaries, tinctures, gels, pastes, ointments,creams, lotions, oils, foams, sprays, mists, or aerosols.

Formulations may suitably be provided as a patch, adhesive plaster,bandage, dressing, or the like which is impregnated with one or morecompounds and optionally one or more other pharmaceutically acceptableingredients, including, for example, penetration, permeation, andabsorption enhancers. Formulations may also suitably be provided in theform of a depot or reservoir.

The compound may be dissolved in, suspended in, or admixed with one ormore other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. The compound may bepresented in a liposome or other microparticulate which is designed totarget the compound, for example, to blood components or one or moreorgans.

Formulations suitable for administration to the lung (e.g., byinhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., an aerosol, e.g.,through the mouth) include those presented as a solution or suspensionfor delivery from a nebuliser; a dry powder for use in an appropriateinhaler device; and an aerosol spray for delivery from a pressurisedpack with the use of a suitable propellant, such asdichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane,dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, HFA-134a, HFA-227, HCFC-22, HFA-152,isobutene, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases. Devices for thesemethods of delivery are available. Formulations intended for nasaldelivery can be administered as aqueous solutions or suspensions, assolutions or suspensions in suitable propellants or as dry powders.Nasal droppers, nebulisers, atomisers, pressurised metered dose inhalersand dry powder inhalers for nasal delivery are available.

For administration by inhalation, the active compound is preferably inthe form of microparticles. Suitable microparticles may be prepared by avariety of techniques, including spray-drying, freeze-drying andmicronisation.

The microparticles may be formulated with excipients that aid deliveryand release. For example, in a dry powder formulation, microparticlesmay be formulated with large carrier particles that aid the flow, forexample, from a dry powder inhaler (DPI) into the lung. Suitable carrierparticles are well-known in the art, and include lactose particles; theymay have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of >90 μm.

For administration using an aerosol, the active compound may beadministered in a manner compatible with the inhaler system used.Suitable aerosol formulation may include, in addition to the activecompound, excipients such as, for example, propellant (e.g., Frigen inthe case of metered aerosols), surface-active substances, emulsifiers,stabilizers, preservatives, flavourings, fillers (e.g., lactose in thecase of powder inhalers) and, if appropriate, one or more additionalactive compounds.

For the purposes of inhalation of microparticulate formulations, a largenumber of systems are known with which aerosols of optimum particle sizecan be generated and administered, using an inhalation techniqueappropriate for the patient. In addition to the use of adaptors(spacers, expanders) and pear-shaped containers (e.g., Nebulator™,Volumatie™), and automatic devices emitting a puffer spray (e.g.,Autohaler™), for metered aerosols, in particular in the case of powderedinhalers, a number of technical solutions are available (e.g.,Diskhaler™, Rotadisk™, Turbohaler™). Additionally, the active compoundmay be delivered in a multi-chamber device, thus allowing for deliveryof combination agents.

For administration to the nose or lung, the active compound may also beused when formulated as an aqueous dispersion of nanoparticulates, or asa dry powder nanoparticulate aerosol formulation, or as apropellant-based aerosol formulation. Suitable nanoparticles may beprepared by spray-drying or freeze-drying aqueous nanoparticulatedispersions of drugs. Methods for the preparation of nanoparticulatedispersions of drugs, the preparation of aqueous, dry powder andpropellant-based formulations of nanoparticulate drugs and their use inaerosol delivery systems are known (see, e.g., Bosch et al., 2009).

Formulations suitable for oral administration (e.g., by ingestion)include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions(e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water,water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups, electuaries, tablets, granules, powders,capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, boluses.

Formulations suitable for buccal administration include mouthwashes,losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, andreservoirs. Losenges typically comprise the compound in a flavoredbasis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth. Pastilles typicallycomprise the compound in an inert matrix, such as gelatin and glycerin,or sucrose and acacia. Mouthwashes typically comprise the compound in asuitable liquid carrier.

Formulations suitable for sublingual administration include tablets,losenges, pastilles, capsules, and pills.

Formulations suitable for oral transmucosal administration includeliquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g.,aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil),mouthwashes, losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters,depots, and reservoirs.

Formulations suitable for non-oral transmucosal administration includeliquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g.,aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil),suppositories, pessaries, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions,oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.

Formulations suitable for transdermal administration include gels,pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, and oils, as well as patches,adhesive plasters, bandages, dressings, depots, and reservoirs.

Tablets may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression ormoulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressedtablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine thecompound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionallymixed with one or more binders (e.g., povidone, gelatin, acacia,sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers ordiluents (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogenphosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica);disintegrants (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone,cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose); surface-active ordispersing or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate);preservatives (e.g., methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate,sorbic acid); flavours, flavour enhancing agents, and sweeteners.Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixtureof the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Thetablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so asto provide slow or controlled release of the compound therein using, forexample, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to providethe desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with acoating, for example, to affect release, for example an enteric coating,to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach.

Ointments are typically prepared from the compound and a paraffinic or awater-miscible ointment base.

Creams are typically prepared from the compound and an oil-in-watercream base. If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream base may include,for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., analcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol,butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycoland mixtures thereof. The topical formulations may desirably include acompound which enhances absorption or penetration of the compoundthrough the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermalpenetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.

Emulsions are typically prepared from the compound and an oily phase,which may optionally comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known asan emulgent), or it may comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifierwith a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, ahydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifierwhich acts as a stabiliser. It is also preferred to include both an oiland a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabiliser(s)make up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oiland/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which formsthe oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.

Suitable emulgents and emulsion stabilisers include Tween 60, Span 80,cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodiumlauryl sulfate. The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulationis based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since thesolubility of the compound in most oils likely to be used inpharmaceutical emulsion formulations may be very low. Thus the creamshould preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable productwith suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or othercontainers. Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esterssuch as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester ofcoconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropylpalmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branchedchain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three beingpreferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending onthe properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids suchas white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils canbe used.

Formulations suitable for intranasal administration, where the carrieris a liquid and the drug can be administered as an aqueous solution orsuspension in a suitable vehicle or propellant, include, for example,nasal spray, nasal drops, or by aerosol administration by nebuliser, bypressurised metered dose inhaler or atomiser, include aqueous or oilypreparations of the compound.

Formulations suitable for intranasal administration, where the carrieris a solid, include, for example, those presented as a coarse powderhaving a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken,i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container ofthe powder held close up to the nose.

Formulations suitable for ocular administration include eye dropswherein the compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier,especially an aqueous solvent for the compound.

Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as asuppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, natural orhardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols, for example,cocoa butter or a salicylate; or as a solution or suspension fortreatment by enema.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining in addition to the compound, such carriers as are known inthe art to be appropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., byinjection), include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free,sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the compound isdissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome orother microparticulate). Such liquids may additionally contain otherpharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers,preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickeningagents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood(or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples ofexcipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol,vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers foruse in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer'sSolution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection. Typically, the concentrationof the compound in the liquid is from about 1 ng/mL to about 10 μg/mL.The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealedcontainers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in afreeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of thesterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediatelyprior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may beprepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.

Dosage

It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that appropriatedosages of the PVA compounds, and compositions comprising the PVAcompounds, can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimaldosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeuticbenefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selecteddosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but notlimited to, the activity of the particular PVA compound, the route ofadministration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of thePVA compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds,and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, andthe species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and priormedical history of the patient. The amount of PVA compound and route ofadministration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician,veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will beselected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action whichachieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful ordeleterious side-effects.

Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously orintermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals)throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the mosteffective means and dosage of administration are well known to those ofskill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy,the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and thesubject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carriedout with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treatingphysician, veterinarian, or clinician.

In general, a suitable dose of the PVA compound is in the range of about0.5 μg to about 20 mg per kilogram body weight of the subject per day.In practice, for an inhaled agent, the upper limit will be set by thechosen device for delivery. Where the compound is a salt, an ester, anamide, a prodrug, or the like, the amount administered is calculated onthe basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used isincreased proportionately.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided solely to illustrate the presentinvention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, asdescribed herein.

Chemical Synthesis Abbreviations

Aq., aqueous;

Boc, tert-butoxycarbonyl;

Conc., concentrated;

DCM, dichloromethane;

DIC, diisopropylcarbodiimide;

DIPEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine;

DMAP, 4-dimethylaminopyridine;

DMF, dimethylformamide;

DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide;

EDC, 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide;

ELSD, evaporative light scattering detection;

equiv., equivalents;

Et₂O, diethyl ether;

EtOAc, ethyl acetate;

Fmoc, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl;

h, hours;

HATU, 2-(7-Aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate;

HOAt, 1-Hydroxy-7-Azabenzotriazole;

HOBt, N-Hydroxybenzotriazole;

HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography;

LC-MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry;

LDA, lithium diisopropylamide;

min, minutes;

MeOH, methanol;

MTBE, methyl-tert-butylether;

NMM, N-methylmorpholine;

NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance;

pet. ether, petroleum ether;

PS-Tosyl chloride, polystyrene supported tosyl chloride;

R_(f), retention factor;

R_(t), retention time;

Sat., saturated;

TFA, trifluoroacetic acid;

THF, tetrahydrofuran;

TIPS, triisopropylsilane;

TMS, trimethylsilane;

TBTU, O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate;

UPLC, ultra high performance liquid chromatography;

% v/v, percentage volume to volume;

% w/v percentage weight to volume.

Analytical Methods

Reverse-Phase Preparative LC-MS: Mass-directed purification preparativeLC-MS using a preparative C-18 column (Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 100×21.2mm, 5 μm).

Analysis of products and intermediates has been carried usingreverse-phase analytical HPLC-MS or UPLC-MS, using the parameters setout below. Purity was typically assessed by diode array at 210-400 nm.

HPLC Analytical Methods:

AnalpH2_MeOH: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 3 μm, 50×3.0 mm; A=water+0.1%formic acid; B=MeOH; 45° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 4.4 min 95%, 5.2 min 95%,5.21 min 5%, 6.5 min 5%; 1.1 mL/min.

AnalpH2_MeOH_(—)4 min: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 3 μm, 50×4.6 mm;A=water+0.1% formic acid; B=MeOH; 45° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 1 min 37.5%, 3min 95%, 3.5 min 95%, 3.51 min 5%, 4.5 min 5%; 2.25 mL/min.

AnalpH9_MeOH: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 3 μm, 50×4.6 mm; A=aqueous pH9(water/ammonium bicarb 10 mM); B=MeOH; 45° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 1 min37.5%, 3 min 95%, 3.5 min 95%, 3.51 min 5%, 4.5 min 5%; 2.25 mL/min.

Aldehyde_QC_(—)1A: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm;A=water+0.1% TFA; B=MeCN+0.1% TFA; 55° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 1 min 5%, 7min 95%, 10 min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

Aldehyde_QC_(—)1B: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm;A=water+0.1% TFA; B=MeCN+0.1% TFA; 55° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.5 min 5%,7.5 min 95%, 10 min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

Aldehyde_QC_(—)2: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm;A=water+0.1% TFA; B=MeCN+0.1% TFA; 50° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.1 min 5%, 8min 95%, 10.5 min 95%, 10.55 min 5%, 13.5 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_(—)1: Phenomenex Gemini C18, 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm;A=water+0.1% TFA; B=MeCN+0.1% TFA; 55° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.5 min 5%,7.5 min 95%, 10 min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_(—)2: Phenomenex Gemini C18, 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm;A=water+0.1% TFA; B=MeCN+0.1% TFA; 50° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.1 min 5%, 8min 95%, 10.5 min 95%, 10.55 min 5%, 13.5 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

AnalpH2_MeOH_QC: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm; A=water+0.1%formic acid; B=MeOH; 35° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.5 min 5%, 7.5 min 95%, 10min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13.0 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

AnalpH9_MeOH_QC. Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm; A=aqueous pH9 (water/ammonium bicarb 10 mM); B=MeOH; 35° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.5 min5%, 7.5 min 95%, 10 min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

AnalpH_(—)2QC: Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm; A=water+0.1%formic acid; B=acetonitrile+0.1% formic acid; 30° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 1min 5%, 7 min 95%, 10 min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

AnalpH2_A1B1_QC. Phenomenex Gemini C18, 5 μm, 150×4.6 mm; A=water+0.1%formic acid; B=acetonitrile+0.1% formic acid; 40° C.; % B: 0 min 5%, 0.5min 5%, 7.5 min 95%, 10 min 95%, 10.1 min 5%, 13 min 5%; 1.5 mL/min.

UPLC Analytical Methods:

Method_(—)2_Bic: Acquity UPLC BEH C-8, 1.7 μm, 100×2.1 mm; 40° C.;A=0.005 M ammonium bicarbonate (aq.); B=acetonitrile; % B: 0 min 30%, 4min 80%, 6 min 80%, 6.1 min 30%; 0.3 mL/min.

Method_(—)2_TFA_UPLC_(—)2: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 100×2.1 mm; 25°C.; A=water+0.025% TFA; B=acetonitrile+0.025% TFA; % B: 0 min 30%, 4 min80%, 6 min 80%, 6.1 min 30%; 0.4 mL/min.

Method_(—)4_TFA_UPLC_(—)2: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 100×2.1 mm; 25°C. A=water+0.025% TFA; B=acetonitrile+0.025% TFA; % B: 0 min 10%, 4 min80%, 6 min 80%, 6.1 min 10%; 0.3 mL/min.

A General Approach for the Synthesis of PVA Compounds (I)

Some general methods for the synthesis of PVA compounds of the presentinvention are illustrated in the following scheme.

Method a Synthesis of PVA Compounds Via Oxidation of α-Hydroxy Amides(II) Typical Procedure

To a stirred solution of the corresponding α-hydroxyamide (II) (1equiv.) in dry DCM (1 mL/25-250 mg of alcohol) and optionally dry DMF(10-35% v/v depending upon solubility) at ambient temperature was addedDess-Martin periodinane (1.6 equiv.) in portions. The reaction mixturewas stirred at ambient temperature and monitored by LC-MS until fullconversion to product pyruvamide had occurred (typically 1 h to 1 day).Where necessary, additional Dess-Martin periodinane was added tocomplete the oxidation. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition ofsat. (aq.) NaHCO₃ (1 volume) and (aq.) Na₂S₂O₃ (10% w/v). The mixturewas stirred for approximately 30 min, diluted with EtOAc (10 volumes)and washed with sat. (aq.) NaHCO₃ (2×5 volumes), deionised water (5volumes) and brine (5 volumes). The organic layer was subsequently driedover MgSO₄ and evaporated. Purification by reverse-phase preparativeUPLC was generally followed by lyophilisation to give the desiredpeptidyl pyruvamide (I).

In some instances especially where the PVA compounds were water soluble,the DMP oxidation was concentrated without work-up, the resiude wasdissolved in DMSO and directly subjected to purification byreverse-phase preperative HPLC.

Alternatively the reaction could be carried out directly in DMSO in someinstances.

Some general methods for the synthesis of α-hydroxy amides of formula(II) are illustrated in the following scheme.

Routes 3 and 4 require the synthesis of dipeptide interemediates (A).Some routes to the synthesis of these compounds and specific examplesprepared by these routes are outlined below.

Synthesis of Dipeptide Intermediates (A) Route 1: DipeptideIntermediates (A) Via Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Peptides were synthesised on Wang resin using standard amide couplingprocedures (see., e.g., Chan, W. C. and White, P. D., Fmoc Solid PhasePeptide Synthesis A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, 2000).Fmoc-amino acids were purchased from commercial suppliers (e.g.,Advanced Chemtech, Bachem, NovaBiochem or Polypeptide). Peptide gradeDMF, which is free of dimethylamine, was used for peptide couplings toprevent any unwanted removal of Fmoc groups. Kaiser tests were used toindicate successful coupling of Fmoc-amino acids.

Typical Procedure Step 1—Coupling of First Amino Acid to Wang Resin:

Wang resin was swollen with an appropriate volume of DMF then drainedunder vacuum. The Fmoc-amino acid (6 equiv.) was added followed by anappropriate volume of DMF (5 mL/g of resin), sufficient to cover theresin and peptide, and this mixture was shaken for 30 min. After thattime, DIC (3 equiv.) and DMAP (catalytic) were added and the mixture wasshaken for 4-5 h. The resin was drained under vacuum, washed with DCMand MeOH then re-swollen with DCM. Successful coupling could beindicated by carrying out step 2 on a small portion of the resin andperforming a Kaiser test to indicate the presence of a free NH₂ group.In general, the exact amount of amino acid attached to the resin was notquantified and subsequent reactions were performed on the basis of themaximum loading as indicated from the supplier. For amino acids thatwere purchased pre-attached to Wang resin, approximate loadings aresupplied by the supplier and these were used for calculating amounts ofreagent for subsequent steps.

Step 2—Fmoc-Deprotection:

The resin was shaken with an appropriate volume of 20% v/v piperidine inDMF (5 mL/g resin) for 1 h then washed with DMF, DCM, MeOH andre-swollen with DCM. A positive Kaiser Test (blue colour) indicates thepresence of a free NH₂ group.

Step 3—Amide Coupling:

The resin was shaken in an appropriate volume of DMF (˜5 mL/g resin)with the appropriate Fmoc-amino acid (2 equiv.) or capping group R₁₀CO₂H(2 equiv.), TBTU (2 equiv.) and DIPEA (4 equiv. or 6 equiv. if, e.g.,HCl salt is used) for 4-5 h. After that time, the resin was drainedunder vacuum, washed with DMF, DCM, MeOH and re-swollen with DCM. Anegative Kaiser test (no colour change) indicates that all of the freeamino sites have coupled. If the solution remained blue, step 3 wasrepeated.

Steps 2 and 3 were repeated for the coupling of additional amino acidsand capping groups as necessary.

Step 4—Resin Cleavage:

The resin was shaken with the cleavage solution consisting of 95% TFA,2.5% TIPS and 2.5% water (10 mL/g of resin) for 90 min, and then drainedinto an appropriate vessel. The resin was washed with DCM under vacuumfiltration. The solvent was subsequently evaporated under vacuum, thenazeotroped with toluene to remove any residual water or triturated withiso-hexane and diethyl ether or MTBE to leave the crude product residue.The resulting peptide (A) was either used crude or further purified bytrituration with Et₂O, flash column chromatography or reverse-phasepreparative HPLC.

Dipeptide Intermediates (A) Prepared by Route 1

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

A1 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 2.96 min; m/z 341 (MH⁺); white solid  2.6 g,  60%

A2 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.78 min; m/z 341 (MH⁺); white solid  1.09 g,  17%

A3 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.54 min; m/z 417 (MH⁺); pale pink solid 318 mg, 40%

A4 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.04 min; m/z 342 (MH⁺); pale orange solid 368 mg, 57%

A5 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.54 min; m/z 433 (MH⁺); white solid 378 mg,  46%

A6 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.59 min; m/z 307 (MH⁺); white solid 105 mg,  80%

A7 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.85 min; m/z 359 (MH⁺); white solid 171 mg,  49%

A8 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.98 min; m/z 377 (MH⁺); white solid 269 mg,  73%

A9 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.12 min; m/z 367 (MH⁺); white solid 213 mg,  60%

A10 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.78 min; m/z 359 (MH⁺); white solid 183 mg,  52%

A11 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.85 min; m/z 359 (MH⁺); white solid 190 mg,  54%

A12 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.23 min; m/z 391 (MH⁺); white solid 160 mg,  42%

A13 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.49 min; m/z 417 (MH⁺); white solid 307 mg,  75%

A14 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.26 min; m/z 391 (MH⁺); white solid 317 mg,  83%

A15 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.12 min; m/z 342 (MH⁺); white solid 105mg,  31%

A16 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.77 min; m/z 308 (MH⁺); white foam 427 mg, 72%

A17 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.51 min; m/z 440 (MH⁺); white solid 154mg,  13%

A18 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.16 min; m/z 393 (MH⁺); white solid 408mg,  73%

A19 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.38 min; m/z 384 (MH⁺); white solid 140mg,  57%

A20 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.24 min; m/z 393 (MH⁺); white solid 328mg,  60%

A21 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 2.90 min; m/z 436 (MH⁺); white solid 267mg,  53%

A22 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.53 min; m/z 398 (MH⁺); white solid  88mg,  15%

A23 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.74 min; m/z 357 (MH⁺); white solid 187mg,  37%

A24 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.38 min; m/z 364 (MH⁺); white solid 245mg,  48%

A25 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.13 min; m/z 309 (MH⁺); white solid 233mg,  53%

A26 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.18 min; m/z 399 (MH⁺); white solid  58mg,  5%

A27 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.13 min; m/z 399 (MH⁺); white solid  62mg,  5%

A28 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.08 min; m/z 365 (MH⁺); white solid 405mg,  78%

A29 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.02 min; m/z 365 (MH⁺); white solid 323mg,  63%

A30 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.52 min; m/z 454 (MH⁺); cream solid 180mg,  15%

A31 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 3.08 min; m/z 385 (MH⁺); white solid 100mg,  20%

A32 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.20 min; m/z 427 (MH⁺); white solid 111mg,  17%

A33 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.30 min; m/z 427 (MH⁺); colourless oil  66mg,  10%

A34 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; RT 3.08 min; m/z 441 (MH+); white solid 221 mg, 44%

A35 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.76 min; m/z 369 (MH⁺); white solid 165mg,  35%

A36 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 0.71/0.84 min; m/z 328 (MH⁺); transleuceritsolid 383 mg,  17%

Route 2: Dipeptide Intermediates (A) Via Solution Phase PeptideSynthesis

Typical Procedure Step 1—Synthesis of Boc-Amino Dipeptide Ethyl Esters(3):

A solution of compound (1) (1 equiv.) in THF (˜1 g/10 mL) was treatedwith iso-butyl chloroformate (1.05 equiv.) at −40° C., and NMM (1equiv.), and stirred at −40° C. for 30 min. A solution of compound (2)(1.1 equiv.) in a DMF and THF (˜1 g/4 mL, 1:1) mixture was added to theabove reaction mixture at −40° C. followed by addition of NMM (1equiv.). The resulting mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 2 h. Theprecipitated salts were filtered and washed with EtOAc. The combinedfiltrate was washed with 10% w/v citric acid solution, 5% w/v NaHCO₃solution, brine solution, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentratedin vacuo to give a crude residue. This was generally purified by flashchromatography on silica or by reverse-phase preparative HPLC to givethe desired compound (3).

Step 2—Synthesis of Amino Dipeptide Ethyl Esters (4):

A solution of compound (3) (1 equiv.) in DCM (1 g/10 mL) was treatedwith TFA (5 equiv.) at 0° C. and stirred at room temperature for 16 h.The volatiles were concentrated and the residue was triturated with Et₂O(150 mL) to obtain the desired compound (4).

Alternatively this reaction can be carried out by dissolving theBoc-protected compound (3) in DCM and stirring with ˜10 equiv of 4 N HClin dioxane for up to 18 hours.

Step 3—Synthesis of Amido Dipeptide Ethyl Esters (5):

Step 3 can be carried out using a variety of amide coupling conditions,well known to those in the art. These include the reaction of thecorresponding carboxylic acid with compound of formula (4) in thepresence of reagents such as HATU, TBTU or EDC/HOBt and a tertiary aminebase such as DIPEA in solvents such as DCM or DMF. Alternatively thecorresponding acid chloride can be used in the presence of a tertiaryamine base in solvents such as DCM.

One typical procedure is as follows:

Synthesis of(S)-2-((S)-2-Benzoylamino-3-phenyl-propionylamino)-propionic acid ethylester (for A1)

To a solution of (S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3-phenyl-propionylamino)-propionicacid ethyl ester.triflouoacetate salt (10 g, 37.9 mmol) and DIPEA (19.5mL, 113.6 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added benzoyl chloride (4.0 mL, 34.1mmol) at −20° C. and stirred at −20° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixturewas filtered to remove salts and the filtrate was washed with 10% citricacid solution (2×50 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ solution (2×50 mL) and brine solution(50 mL) respectively, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated invacuo to give a residue that was dissolved in CHCl₃ (20 mL) andtriturated with n-pentane. The precipitated solid was filtered andwashed with a mixture of Et₂O and n-pentane (50 mL, 1:1), then dried toobtain (S)-2-((S)-2-Benzoylamino-3-phenyl-propionylamino)-propionic acidethyl ester (6.5 g, 47%) as a white solid. R_(f): 0.8 (10% MeOH/CHCl₃);¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.60-8.55 (1H, m), 7.76 (2H, d, J=6.8 Hz),7.52-7.35 (5H, m), 7.27 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 7.18 (1H, t, J=7.6 Hz),4.80-4.70 (1H, m), 4.30-4.22 (1H, m), 4.07 (2H, q), 3.11 (1H, dd, J=4,14 Hz), 3.01-2.98 (1H, m), 1.34 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J=6.8Hz); m/z 369 (MH)⁺.

Step 4—Synthesis of Capped Dipeptides (A):

To a solution of compound (5) (1 equiv.) in THF (6 volumes) and H₂O (6volumes) was added LiOH.H₂O (4 equiv.) at 0° C. The reaction mixture wasstirred for 2 h. The volatiles (THF) were removed from the reactionmixture and the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH ˜3 with 10% w/v citricacid solution or 1M HCl. If a solid precipitated this was collected byfiltration, washed with H₂O and n-pentane and dried to obtain thecorresponding capped dipeptide intermediate (A). Alternatively theacidified aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc×3 and the combindedorganics dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give the crude product. Insome instances this was further purified by flash chromatography onsilica or by reverse-phase preparative HPLC.

Dipeptide Intermediates (A) Prepared by Route 2

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

A1 Method_2_Bic; Rt = 1.01 min; m/z 339 (M − H)⁻¹; white solid  4.5 g, 22%

A6 Method_2_TFA_UPLC_2; Rt = 1.54 min; m/z 307 (MH⁺); white solid  2.0g,  16%

A16 Method_2_TFA_UPLC_2; Rt = 1.78 mins; m/z 336 (MH⁺); off white solid 2.8 g,  19%

A23 R_(f): 0.2 (10% MeOH—CHCl₃); m/z 357 (MH)⁺; white solid  3.0 g,  43%

A31 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 3.12 min; m/z 385 (MH⁺); cream solid  3.0g,  49%

A37 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 2.40 min; m/z 410 (MH⁺); white solid 212mg,  35%

A38 Method _4_TFA_UPLC_2; Rt = 2.40 min; m/z 307 (M − H)⁻; white solid220 mg,  8%

A39 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 2.75 min; m/z 407 (MH)⁺; white solid 240mg,  8%

A40 Method_4_TFA_UPLC_2; Rt = 1.90 min; m/z 324 (MH⁺); white solid 300mg,  13%

A41 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.25 min; m/z 357 (MH⁺); white solid 257mg,  13%

A42 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.20 min; m/z 358 (MH⁺); white solid 150mg,  16%

A43 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.49 min; m/z 417 (MH⁺); white solid Usedcrude

A44 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.20 min; m/z 420 (MH⁺); transleucent solidUsed crude

A45 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 1.42 min; m/z 417 (MH⁺); transleucent solidUsed crude

A46* ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.04 (1H, br, s), 8.19 (1H, s), 7.83(2H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 7.70 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.54-7.48 (1H, m),7.48-7.41 (2H, m), 4.25-4.16 (1H, m), 1.46 (3H, s), 1.44 (3H, s), 1.22(3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz); m/z 279 (MH⁺); white solid —

A47* ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.92 (1H, s), 7.83 (2H, d, J = 7.2Hz), 7.57-7.52 (2H, m), 7.47 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 4.25-4.16 (1H, m),2.67-2.54 (2H, m), 2.25-2.15 (2H, m), 1.80-1.67 (2H, m), 1.60-1.41 (4H,m), 1.22 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz); m/z 319 (MH⁺); white solid —

A48* ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.80 (1H, br, s), 7.76 (1H, br s),4.01 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz), 3.70-3.61 (1H, m), 3.49-3.41 (2H, m),3.30-3.21 (2H, m), 3.11 (3H, s), 3.02 (3H, s), 2.65-2.55 (1H, m),2.03-1.88 (4H, m), 1.11 (3H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.93 (9H, s); white solid400 mg,  5%

A49 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.50 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.41 (1H, d,J = 7.2 Hz), 7.82-7.78 (2H, m), 7.54-7.40 (3H, m), 7.30-7.25 (2H, m),6.93-6.87 (2H, m), 4.72-4.64 (1H, m), 4.30-4.21 (1H, m), 3.73 (2H, d, J= 12.4 Hz), 3.47-3.40 (2H, m), 3.15-2.90 (6H, m), 2.77 (3H, d, J = 3.6Hz), 1.31 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz); pale yellow gummy liquid 150 mg,  15%

A50 R_(f): 0.1 (10% MeOH/CHCl₃); m/z 329 (MH⁺) 450 mg,  18%

A51 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 8.75 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.34 (1H, d, J= 6.8 Hz), 7.96 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.92 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.70 (1H, d,J = 8 Hz), 7.53- 7.47 (2H, m), 7.44-7.37 (4H, m), 7.31 (2H, t, J = 7.6Hz), 7.27-7.23 (1H, m), 4.90-4.81 (1H, m), 4.24-4.13 (1H, m), 3.21 (1H,dd, J = 3.2, 14.1 Hz), 2.86 (1H, dd, J = 14.1, 11.6 Hz), 1.34 (3H, d, J= 7.2 Hz); white solid  1.6 g,  43%

A52 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 12.56 (1H, brs), 8.90 (1H, d, J = 8.8Hz), 8.69 (2H, d, J = 5.8 Hz), 8.53 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.67 (2H, d. J= 5.8 Hz), 7.37 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.25 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.16 (1H,t, J = 7.5 Hz), 4.79-4.73 (1H, m), 4.30-4.19 (1H, m), 3.15 (1H, dd, J =14.1, 3.3 Hz), 2.95 (1H, dd, J = 14.1, 11.6 Hz), 1.33 (3H, d, J = 7.2Hz); white solid  2.0 g,  30%

A53 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 2.53 min; m/z 353 (MH⁺); white solid 180mg,  7%

A54 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 1.80 min; m/z 291 (MH⁺); white solid 957mg,  36%

A55 R_(f): 0.4 (15% MeOH/CHCl₃); m/z 399 (MH)⁺; white solid 600 mg,  32%

A56 R_(f): 0.5 (10:89:1, MeOH:CHCl₃:AcOH); m/z 311 (MH)⁺; off- whitesolid 750 mg,  39%

A57 R_(f): 0.3 (15% MeOH/CHCl₃); m/z 385 (MH)⁺; white solid 500 mg,  29%

A58 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 min; Rt = 2.60 mins; m/z 379 ((M − H)⁻); pale yellowsolid 488 mg,  28%

A59 R_(f): 0.6 (50% MeOH/CHCl₃). m/z 324 (MH)⁺; off-white solid 300 mg, 13%

A60 R_(f): 0.4 (10:89:1, MeOH:CHCl₃:AcOH). m/z 323 (M − H)⁻; off- whitesolid 700 mg,  25%

A61 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 2.37 min; m/z 339 (MH⁺); white solid  80mg,  6%

A62 R_(f): 0.5 (20% MeOH—CHCl₃); m/z 391 (MH)⁺; white solid  1.4 g,  23%

A63 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; RT = 1.91 min; m/z 291 (MH⁺); white solid. 142mg,  27%

A64 R_(f): 0.6 (20% MeOH/CHCl₃); m/z 369 (MH)⁺; white solid 220 mg,  24%from BB17

A65 AnalpH2_MeOH_4 Min; Rt = 2.87 min; m/z 355 (MH)⁺; white solid 317mg,  50% *The following compounds were prepared using solution phasechemistry using a variation of the scheme outlined in Route 2.

For compounds (A46) and (A47) the α-disubtituted amino acid was firstconverted to its ethyl ester (SOCK, ethanol) which was in turn convertedto the corresponding benzamide. This was subsequently coupled withintermediate (2) as depicted in Scheme 8, and then hydrolysed in ananalogous fashion to give the corresponding dipeptide acid (A).

For compound (A48)(S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-propionic acid ethyl esterwas coupled with 1-Methyl-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid usingisobutylchloroformate and N-methymorpholine in DMF to give(S)-2-{(S)-3,3-Dimethyl-2-[(1-methyl-piperidine-4-carbonyl)-amino]-butyrylamino}-propionicacid ethyl ester. This was then quaternised with MeI in DCM-acetone andsubsequently hydrolysed using an hydroxide resin such as Ambersep 900-OHresin.

For compound (A49) the compounds of formula (1) was first prepared asfollows. Boc-p-bromo-Phe-ON was first converted to its methyl esterusing diazomethane under standard conditions. The bromo group was thendisplaced with 4-methylpiperazine under Buchwald-Hartwig type conditions(Pd₂(dba)₃, DavePhos, CsCO₃, THF reflux, for 16 h). Finally hydrolysisof the methyl ester using hydroxide resin Ambersep 900 OH in THF over 48h gave Boc-p-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-Phe-OH (formula (I)), which wasused to synthesise the desired compound A49 as outlined in Scheme 8.

For compound (A50) a solution of(S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-propionic add ethyl esterin a 1:1 mixture of DCM and 5% aq NaHCO₃ was treated with triphosgene togenerate the corresponding isocyanate. This was subsequently reactedwith 1-methylpiperazine to generate the urea, which was subsequentlyhydrolysed with LiOH in THF/H₂O to give the desired compound (A50).

Route 3: Synthesis of PVA Compounds (I) Usinq Passerini Chemistry

Typical Procedure Step 1—Synthesis of Peptidyl Alcohols (6)

To a solution of acid (A) (1 equiv.) in THF (25-50 mg/mL) and optionallyDMF (0.05-0.25 volumes) at −40° C. was added NMM (3.1 equiv.) andiso-butyl chloroformate (1.1 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirredat −40° C. for approximately 30 min (extent of formation of the mixedanhydride can be monitored by quenching an aliquot of the reactionmixture in, e.g., excess pyrrolidine and analysing extent of amideformation by LC-MS). A solution of the amino alcohol (1.1 equiv.) in THFor DMF (0.1 volumes) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at−40° C. for approximately 1 h until complete as measured by LC-MS.Additional amino alcohol could be added if required. The reactionmixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The resultingmixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 volumes) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10volumes). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted withEtOAc (2×10 volumes). The combined organic phases were washed with water(3×10 volumes) and brine (10 volumes) and concentrated under vacuum. Theresulting alcohol (6) was either used directly or purified by flashcolumn chromatography on silica or by reverse-phase preparative HPLC.

Step 2—Synthesis of Peptidyl Aldehydes (III)

To a stirred solution of the corresponding alcohol (6) (1 equiv.) in dryDCM (1 mU15-200 mg of alcohol) and optionally dry DMF (10-100% v/vdepending upon solubility) at ambient temperature was added Dess-Martinperiodinane (2 equiv.) in portions. The reaction mixture was stirred atambient temperature and monitored by LC-MS until full conversion toproduct aldehyde had occurred (typically 1 h to 1 day). Where necessary,more Dess-Martin periodinane was added to complete the oxidation. Thereaction mixture was quenched by addition of sat. (aq.) NaHCO₃ (1volume) and (aq.) Na₂S₂O₃ (10% w/v). The mixture was stirred forapproximately 30 min, diluted with EtOAc (10 volumes) and washed withsat. (aq.) NaHCO₃ (2×5 volumes), deionised water (5 volumes) and brine(5 volumes). The organic layer was subsequently dried over MgSO₄ andevaporated to give the desired compound which was optionally used ‘asis’ or purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (a H₂O+0.1%TFA:MeCN+0.1% TFA gradient at 50° C. was used for preparative HPLC)followed by lyophilisation to give the desired compound (III).

Step 3—Synthesis of Peptidyl α-Hydroxyamides (II)

To a stirred solution of the corresponding aldehyde (III) (1 equiv.) indry DCM (1 mL/10-50 mg of aldehyde) and optionally dry DMF (10-35% v/vdepending upon solubility) at 0° C. was added appropriate isocyanide(1.1 equiv.) then pyridine (4 equiv.) followed by dropwise addition oftrifluoroacetic acid (2 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C. for 10 min and then allowed to warm to ambient temperature. Thereaction was monitored by LC-MS until full conversion to productα-hydroxyamides and/or α-hydroxyamide trifluoroacetate esters hadoccurred (typically 0.5-1 day). Where necessary, additional isocyanidewas added to complete the reaction. The reaction mixture was evaporatedin vacuo, diluted with EtOAc (5 volumes) and quenched by addition ofsat. (aq.) NaHCO₃ (1 volume). The mixture was stirred for approximately30 min and was washed with sat. (aq.) NaHCO₃ (2×5 volumes) and brine (5volumes).

The organic layer was subsequently dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated andwas used as is or purified by preparative HPLC to give the desiredcompound (II).

Step 4—Synthesis of PVA Compounds (1)

See Method A

PVA Compounds Prepared by Route 3

Compound Code Int. Analytical Data Yield

PVA- 001 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.70 min; m/z 563 (MH⁺); white solid 76mg,  7%

PVA- 002 A1 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.91 min; m/z 585 (MH⁺); whitesolid  3 mg,  2%

PVA- 003 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.82 min; m/z 549 (MH⁺); whitesolid 11 mg, 26%

PVA- 004 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.53 min; m/z 523 (MH⁺); whitesolid  9 mg,  7%

PVA- 005 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.76 min; m/z 571 (MH⁺); whitesolid  2 mg,  1%

PVA- 008 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.97 min; m/z 563 (MH⁺); whitesolid  8 mg,  8%

PVA- 009 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.53 min; m/z 557 (MH⁺); whitesolid  8 mg,  6%

PVA- 010 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.65 min; m/z 571 (MH⁺); whitesolid  5 mg,  3%

PVA- 011 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.65 min; m/z 561 (MH⁺); whitesolid  4 mg,  3%

PVA- 012 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.55 min; m/z 573 (MH⁺); beigesolid  6 mg,  4%

PVA- 013 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.69 min; m/z 592 (MH⁺); beigesolid  2 mg,  1%

PVA- 015 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.31 min; m/z 509 (MH⁺); whitesolid  1 mg,  1%

PVA- 016 A1 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 6.83 min; m/z 571 (MH⁺); whitesolid  1 mg,  1%

PVA- 019 A3 Aldehyde QC_1B; Rt 8.28 min; m/z 625 (MH⁺); white solid  8mg, 14%

PVA- 020 A4 Aldehyde QC_1B; Rt 5.62 min; m/z 550 (MH⁺); white solid 14mg,  9%

PVA- 021 A5 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_1; Rt 7.66 min; m/z 641 (MH⁺); whitesolid  3 mg,  3%

PVA- 026 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.38 min; m/z 515 (MH⁺); white solid 17mg, 10%

PVA- 027 A7 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.49 min; m/z 567 (MH⁺); white solid 12mg,  6%

PVA- 028 A8 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.60 min; m/z 585 (MH⁺); white solid  8mg,  3%

PVA- 029 A9 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.80 min; m/z 575 (MH⁺); white solid 11mg,  7%

PVA- 030 A10 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.48 min; m/z 567 (MH⁺); white solid  2mg,  4%

PVA- 031 A11 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.50 min; m/z 567 (MH⁺); white solid  1mg,  1%

PVA- 032 A12 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.57 min; m/z 607 (MH⁺); pale yellowsolid  4 mg,  3%

PVA- 033 A13 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.84 min; m/z 633 (MH⁺); white solid  2mg,  1%

PVA- 034 A14 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.60 min; m/z 607 (MH⁺); white solid  1mg,  1%

PVA- 035 A4 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.36 min; m/z 558 (MH⁺); white solid  4mg,  2%

PVA- 036 A15 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.32 min; m/z 550 (MH⁺); white solid 14mg, 10%

PVA- 037 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.76 min; m/z 529 (MH⁺); white solid 15mg, 16%

PVA- 038 A16 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.54 min; m/z 516 (MH⁺); white solid 15mg,  9%

PVA- 039 A16 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.90 min; m/z 530 (MH⁺); white solid 14mg, 11%

PVA- 041 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.94 min; m/z 601 (MH⁺); cream solid  7mg,  6%

PVA- 042 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.02 min; m/z 587 (MH⁺); cream solid  8mg,  6%

PVA- 043 A17 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.81 min; m/z 661 (MH⁺); white solid  2mg,  1%

PVA- 044 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.20 min; m/z 551 (MH⁺); white solid  8mg,  7%

PVA- 045 A7 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.14 min; m/z 575 (MH⁺); white solid 13mg, 11%

PVA- 046 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.18 min; m/z 525 (MH⁺); white solid  8mg,  9%

PVA- 047 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.86 min; m/z 607 (MH⁺); white solid 16mg, 14%

PVA- 048 A18 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.42 min; m/z 609 (MH⁺); white solid  7mg,  6%

PVA- 049 A20 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.75 min; m/z 601 (MH⁺); white solid  8mg, 17%

PVA- 050 A22 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.06 min; m/z 606 (MH⁺); white solid  8mg, 12%

PVA- 051 A22 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.73 min; m/z 614 (MH⁺); white solid  3mg,  4%

PVA- 052 A23 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.82 min; m/z 565 (MH⁺); white solid 30mg, 30%

PVA- 053 A24 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.06 min; m/z 572 (MH⁺); white solid 21mg, 26%

PVA- 054 A25 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.92 min; m/z 517 (MH⁺); white solid 27mg, 37%

PVA- 055 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.75 min; m/z 573 (MH⁺); white solid  9mg,  3%

PVA- 056 A23 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.47 min; m/z 573 (MH⁺); white solid 17mg, 17%

PVA- 057 A24 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.72 min; m/z 580 (MH⁺); white solid 12mg, 11%

PVA- 058 A25 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.56 min; m/z 525 (MH⁺); white solid 10mg, 91%

PVA- 059 A26 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.06 min; m/z 615 (MH⁺); white solid  1mg,  1%

PVA- 060 A27 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.98 min; m/z 615 (MH⁺); white solid  1mg,  1%

PVA- 061 A28 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.23 min; m/z 573 (MH⁺); white solid 27mg, 19%

PVA- 062 A29 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.13 min; m/z 573 (MH⁺); white solid 20mg, 15%

PVA- 063 A28 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.92 min; m/z 581 (MH⁺); white solid 14mg, 81%

PVA- 064 A29 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.83 min; m/z 581 (MH⁺); white solid 10mg,  7%

PVA- 065 A30 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.85 min; m/z 662 (MH⁺); white solid  3mg,  5%

PVA- 066 A31 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 8.04 min; m/z 601 (MH⁺), white solid  4mg,  2%

PVA- 067 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.56 min; m/z 592 (MH⁺), cream solid 20mg, 12%

PVA- 068 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.83 min; m/z 594 (MH⁺), cream solid  8mg,  5%

PVA- 069 A32 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC; Rt 8.32 min; m/z 635 (MH⁺), white solid 10mg,  6%

PVA- 070 A33 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC; Rt 8.01 min; m/z 643 (MH⁺), white solid  1mg,  1%

PVA- 071 A41 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.98 min; m/z 566 (MH⁺), white solid 29mg, 23%

PVA- 072 A41 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.70 min; m/z 574 (MH⁺), white solid 32mg, 26%

PVA- 073 A42 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.81 min; m/z 566 (MH⁺), white solid 30mg, 31%

PVA- 074 A42 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.55 min; m/z 575 (MH⁺), white solid 11mg, 11%

PVA- 075 A43 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.74 min; m/z 625 (MH⁺), white solid  9mg, 11%

PVA- 076 A44 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.73 min; m/z 628 (MH⁺), white solid  4mg,  1%

PVA- 077 A45 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.68 min; m/z 625 (MH⁺), white solid  6mg,  1%

PVA- 078 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.49 min; m/z 558 (MH⁺), white solid  8mg,  5%

PVA- 079 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.72 min; m/z 560 (MH⁺), white solid  5mg,  3%

PVA- 082 A38 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.90 min; m/z 517 (MH⁺), white solid  2mg,  1%

PVA- 084 A40 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.90 min; m/z 532 (MH⁺), white solid  1mg,  2%

PVA- 085 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.42 min; m/z 515 (MH⁺), white solid 88mg, 27%

PVA- 086 A16 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.52 min; m/z 516 (MH⁺), white solid  5mg,  3%

PVA- 087 A19 Aldehyde QC_1B; Rt 6.73 min; m/z 592 (MH⁺), white solid 16mg,  7%

PVA- 088 A35 Aldehyde QC_1B; Rt 7.76 min; m/z 577 (MH⁺), white solid 25mg, 20%

PVA- 089 A36 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.26 min; m/z 536 (MH⁺), white solid 10mg,  8%

PVA- 090 A46 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.81 min; m/z 487 (MH⁺), white solid 23mg,  4%

PVA- 091 A47 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.50 min; m/z 527 (MH⁺), white solid  8mg,  2%

PVA- 100 A53 Aldehyde QC (Gemini)_2; Rt 6.09 min; m/z 561 (MH⁺), whitesolid  5 mg,  1.6%

PVA- 101 A54 Aldehyde QC_(Gemini)_2; Rt 5.31 min; m/z 499 (MH⁺), whitesolid  8 mg,  0.5%

PVA- 104 BB20 Aldehyde QC _1B; Rt 7.38, min; m/z 561 (MH⁺), white solid 3 mg,  3%

PVA- 145 A54 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 3.99 min; m/z 557 (MH⁺); yellow solid 10mg,  1%

Routes 4, 5 and 6

All compounds made via routes 4, 5 and 6 utlised the commonintermediates 12A and/or 12B.

Synthesis of β-Amino-α-hydroxyamide Intermediates (12A and 12B)*

Synthesis of [(S)-1-(Methoxy-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-methyl-propyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester (8)

To (S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-butyric acid (7) (50.0 g, 199mmol), N-methoxymethylamine hydrochloride (38.8 g, 398 mmol) and EDC.HCl(47.7 g, 249 mmol) in DCM (500 mL) was added DIPEA (87 mL, 497 mmol) andthe reaction mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h, afterwhich time the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (200 mL), washedwith 1M HCl (aq) (3×200 mL), 1M NaOH (aq) (200 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (aq)(200 mL) and brine (300 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄,filtered and the solvent removed under vacuum to give the desiredcompound as a colourless oil (51.2 g, 87%); (AnalpH2_MeOH_(—)4 min)R_(t) 2.76 min; m/z 295 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of ((S)-1-Formyl-2-methyl-propyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester(9)

To a solution of[(S)-1-(Methoxy-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-methyl-propyl]-carbamic acid benzylester (8) (33 g, 112 mmol) in dry THF (300 mL) at −30 to −40° C. wasadded LiAlH₄ (4.3 g, 113 mmol) portion wise over a period of 45 min. Thereaction mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred at this temperature for2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 1 M KHSO₄ (330 mL) at 0° C.then 10% w/v Rochelle's salt (aq) (330 mL) was added and the mixturestirred for 20 minutes, then extracted with EtOAc (2×700 mL). Thecombined organic phases were washed with 10% w/v Rochelle's salt (aq)(330 mL) and brine (450 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentratedunder vacuum to obtain the desired aldehyde as a clear oil (26.3 g)(AnalpH2_MeOH_(—)4 min) R_(t) 2.59 min; m/z 236 (MH)⁺. (This was usedwithout further purification in the next step.)

Synthesis of ((S)-2-Cyano-2-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-ethyl)-carbamic acidbenzyl ester (10)

To a stirred solution of ((S)-1-Formyl-2-methyl-propyl)-carbamic acidbenzyl ester (9) (26.0 g, 110 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) at 0° C. was addeda solution of NaHSO₃ (11.9 g, 114 mmol) in H₂O (230 mL) and the mixturewas stirred at 0° C. for 2.5 h. The resulting mixture was added to asolution of NaCN (8.5 g, 174 mmol) in H₂O (150 mL) and EtOAc (450 mL) at0° C. and stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h. The EtOAc layer wasseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were washed with brine (400 mL), dried (MgSO₄)and concentrated to give the desired cyanohydrin (29.7 g, crude, a ˜1:1mixture of diastereoisomers) as a clear gummy liquid (AnalpH2_MeOH_(—)4min) R_(t) 2.44 min, 2.48 min; m/z 280 [M+H₂O]⁺. (The mixture was usedwithout further purification in the next step.)

Synthesis of (S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoic acid (11)

To a solution of ((S)-2-Cyano-2-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-ethyl)-carbamic acidbenzyl ester (10) (5.1 g, 19.5 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (90 mL) was addedconc. HCl (90 mL) and anisole (1.5 equiv.) and the mixture was heated to110° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperatureand concentrated under vacuum to remove the dioxane. The mixture wasthen washed with EtOAc and the residue further concentrated under vacuumat 40° C. to remove the conc HCl. Any residual water was removed byazeotroping with toluene. The residue was washed with Et₂O (2×50 mL) toafford hydroxyl acid (11) as a gummy solid (crude, mixture ofdiastereoisomers). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.20 (1H, brs), 7.96(1H, brs), 4.42 (1H, d J=3.0 Hz), 4.17 (1H, d J=4.0 Hz), 3.17-3.05 (2H,m), 1.98-1.86 (2H, m), 0.96-0.86 (6H, m); m/z 148 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of (S)-3-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoicacid (12)

To a solution of (S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoic acid (11)(assume 19.5 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added triethylamine (9.0 mL, 64mmol). Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.7 g 1.1 eq) was added portionwiseand the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h.The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue wasdissolved in EtOAc (100 mL) and 1N NaOH (aq) (75 mL). The organic phasewas separated and the aqueous phase washed further with EtOAc (2×100 ml)to remove any non-polar/non-acidic impurities. The aqueous layer wasthen acidified (pH ˜2) with 2 N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL).The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated undervacuum to give a white waxy solid. This could be further purified on aBiotage Isolute (IST)-NH2 cartridge (25 g/150 mL). The cartridge wasfirst equilibrated with MeOH (75 mL), MeCN (75 mL) and ethyl acetate (75mL). The crude mixture was then loaded onto the cartridge in 5%MeOH/ethylacetate (50 mL), then washed with ethyl acetate (2×75 mL) andMeCN (75 mL). The desired mixture of diastereomeric acids was theneluted from the cartridge by washing with MeCN containing 1% formic acid(350 mL). A 1:1 mixture of the desired compounds were obtained as awhite solid (1.5 g, 31%) following evaporation of the solvent undervacuum.

Alternatively the single diasteromer 12A could be isolated by dissolvingcrude material in CHCl₃ and triturating with n-pentane, to afford isomer12A as a precipitate that could be collected by filtration.

The filtrate could be concentrated to afford the other diastereoisomer(12B) gummy brown solid which may be further purified by flashchromatography on silica (gradient 1% MeOH/CHCl₃ to 10% MeOH/CHCl₃). Noattempt was made to unambiguously characterise the stereocentrespositioned alpha to the carboxylic acid.

(12A): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.4 (1H, s br), 6.46 (1H, d, J=10Hz), 5.38 (1H, br s), 3.83 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 3.65-3.59 (1H, m),1.99-1.91 (1H, m), 1.36 (9H, s), 0.81-0.76 (6H, m); m/z: 246 [M−H]⁻.

(12B): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.44 (1H, s br), 6.21 (1H, d, J=10Hz), 4.95 (1H, br s), 4.11 (1H, d, J=1.6 Hz), 3.53-3.47 (1H, m), 1.74(1H, m), 1.35 (9H, s), 0.91-0.83 (6H, m); m/z: 246 [M−H]⁻.

Alternatively 12A and 12B could be synthesised according to thefollowing procedure:

To a solution of hydroxyl acid (11) (2×11.5 g,) in 1 N aqueous NaOHsolution (100 mL) was added a solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.8equiv.) in 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) at 0° C. and stirred at ambienttemperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo andthe residue was dissolved in H₂O and washed with Et₂O (2×100 mL) toremove any non-polar impurities. The aqueous layer was cooled to 0° C.and acidified (pH ˜2) with 1 N HCl and extracted with 10% MeOH/CHCl₃(2×500 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine (200 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under vacuum to give a crude mixture ofdiastereomeric alcohols (12A) and (12B) which could be further purifiedas described above.

In some instances the mixture the diastereomeric alcohols (12A) and(12B) was used or alternatively (12A) or (12B) were used as singlediastereomers to enable the subsequent products to be characterised morereadily.

Synthesis of PVA Compounds (I) via Route 4

Typical Procedure Step 1—Synthesis of Capped Peptidyi α-Hydroxyamides(II)

To a solution of (A) (375 mg, 1 equiv.) in THF (5 mL) was addediso-butyl chloroformate (0.15 mL, 1 equiv.), NMM (2.5 equiv.) at −40° C.After 40 min, a solution of compound (1V) (1 equiv.) in THF (2 mL) wasadded and stirred at −40° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith EtOAc (20 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was washed with (aq.) 5%NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL), brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was typically purified byreverse-phase preparative HPLC to afford the desired compound (II).

Step 2—Synthesis of PVA Compounds (1)

See method A

PVA Compounds Prepared by Route 4

Int Compound Code (A) Analytical Data Yield

PVA- 080 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.96 min; m/z 615 (MH⁺); white solid  11mg,  13%

PVA- 081 A1 (*) Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.27 min; m/z 601 (MH⁺); white solid 27 mg,  6%

PVA- 083 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.98 min; m/z 564 (MH⁺); white solid  27mg,  10%

PVA- 093 A1 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 7.80 min; m/z 651 (MH⁺); white solid  23mg,  32%

PVA- 094 A1 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 7.65 min; m/z 621 (MH⁺); white solid  62mg,  40%

PVA- 095 A51 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.33 min; m/z 657 (MH⁺); white solid  30mg,  18%

PVA- 096 A1 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.84 min; m/z 621 (M⁺); white solid  40mg,  37%

PVA- 097 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.07 min; m/z 523 (MH⁺); white solid 170mg,  50%

PVA- 099 A52 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.41 min; m/z 558 (MH⁺); white solid 137mg,  12%

PVA- 106 A55 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 8.05 min; m/z 615 (MH⁺); white solid  35mg,  24%

PVA- 107 A56 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.25 min; m/z 527 (MH⁺); white solid  20mg,  12%

PVA- 108 A57 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.63 min; m/z 601 (MH⁺); white solid  28mg,  21%

PVA- 113 A58 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.96 min; m/z 597 (MH⁺); pale yellowsolid  58 mg,  50%

PVA- 114 A59 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.56 min; m/z 540 (MH⁺); white solid  24mg,  7.5%

PVA- 115 A60 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.82 min; m/z 541 (MH⁺); white solid  30mg,  11%

PVA- 116 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.33 min; m/z 473 (MH⁺); white solid 184mg,  51%

PVA- 118 A6 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.61 min; m/z 433 (MH⁺); white solid  35mg  6%

PVA- 121 A64 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.55 min; m/z 585 (MH⁺); white solid  40mg,  27%

PVA- 122 A50 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.90 min; m/z 545 (MH⁺); white solid  31mg,  8%

PVA- 123 A61 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.03 min; m/z 555 (MH⁺); white solid  3mg,  4%

PVA- 128 A16 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.23 min; m/z 524 (MH⁺); white solid  99mg,  15%

PVA- 129 BB19 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.25 min; m/z 535 (MH⁺); white solid 276mg,  47%

PVA- 136 A39 (†) AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 5.81 min; m/z 617 (MH⁺); whitesolid 110 mg,  35%

PVA- 137 A62 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.33 min; m/z 657 (MH⁺); white solid  89mg,  53%

PVA- 138 A34 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.68 min; m/z 707 (MH⁺); white solid  85mg,  53%

PVA- 139 A63 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_2,; Rt 5.33 min; m/z 507 (MH⁺); whitesolid  53 mg,  48%

PVA- 140 A63 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_2; Rt 3.32 min; m/z 557 (MH⁺); paleyellow solid  45 mg,  25%

PVA- 141 A56 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.96 (1H, s), 8.75 (1H, d, J= 4.8 Hz), 8.37 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 8.02 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.45 (1H,d, J = 9.6 Hz), 6.37 (1H, s), 5.00 (1H,t, J = 6.2 Hz), 4.47- 4.37 (2H,m), 2.77-2.69 (1H, m), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.22-2.10 (1H, m), 1.18 (1H, d, J =7.2 Hz), 0.92- 0.76 (15H, m), 0.70-0.61 (2H, m), 0.60-0.52 (2H, m); m/z477 (MH₊); white solid  9 mg,  3%

PVA- 142 A64 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.76 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 8.16(1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 8.08 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz),7.51-7.34 (7H, m), 7.27 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.16-7.10 (1H, m), 5.03(1H, dd, J = 7.7, 5.3 Hz), 4.91 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz), 4.47-4.41 (1H, m),2.79- 2.71 (1H, m), 2.24-2.14 (1H, m), 1.46 (3H, s), 1.45 (3H, s) 1.22(3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 0.90 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.80 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz),0.69-0.63 (2H, m), 0.59- 0.53 (2H, m); m/z 535 (MH⁺); white solid  20mg,  18%

PVA- 143 A64 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.16 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz),8.10- 8.02 (2H, m), 7.77 (1H, s), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz), 7.51-7.34(7H, m), 7.29- 7.21 (2H, m), 7.15-7.10 (1H, m), 5.05 (1H, dd, J = 7.9,5.4 Hz), 4.91 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz), 4.47- 4.41 (1H, m), 2.24-2.15 (1H,m), 1.46 (3H, s), 1.45 (3H, s), 1.22 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.90 (3H, d, J= 6.4 Hz), 0.81 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz); m/z 493 (MH⁺); white solid  22 mg, 22%

PVA- 144 A41 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.89 min; m/z 524 (MH⁺); white solid 130mg,  13%

PVA- 146 A31 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.57 min; m/z 651 (MH⁺); white solid  17mg,  70%

PVA- 147 A21 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.58 min; m/z 702 (MH⁺); white solid  35mg,  8%

PVA- 148 A56 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.94 (1H, s), 8.34 (1H, d, J= 6.8 Hz), 8.01 (1H, s), 7.95 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.73 (1H, s), 6.37(1H, s), 5.03 (1H, dd, J = 7.8, 5.3 Hz), 4.47-4.41 (1H, m), 2.26 (3H,s), 2.25- 2.14 (1H, m), 1.19 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.97- 0.86 (12H, m)0.82 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz); m/z 435 (M − H)⁻ cream solid  11 mg,  10%

PVA- 151 A65 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.61 min; m/z 572 (MH⁺); white solid  33mg  4%

PVA- 152 A37 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.87 min; m/z 626 (MH⁺); white solid  51mg  16%

PVA- 153 A48 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.21 min; m/z 550 (M⁺); white solid  16mg,  17%

PVA- 154 A48 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.96 min; m/z 558 (M⁺); white solid  19mg,  20%

PVA- 156 A41 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.26 min; m/z 484 (MH⁺); white solid  15mg  2%

PVA- 161 A52 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 6.75 min; m/z 637 (MH⁺); white solid 32 mg,  20%

PVA- 177 BB19 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC; Rt 8.03 min; m/z 485 (MH⁺); white solid109 mg,  18%

PVA- 187 A41 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 3.94 min; m/z 652(MH⁺); white solid 106mg,  35%

PVA- 198 A49 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.27 min; m/z 655 (MH⁺); pale yellowsolid  1 mg,  1%

PVA- 204 A6 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC; Rt 7.02 min; m/z 553(MH⁺); white solid  59mg,  29%

PVA- 214 A31 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.93 min; m/z 680(MH⁺); white solid  52mg,  26%

PVA- 215 A23 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.43 min; m/z 652(MH⁺); white solid  77mg,  39% (*) Involves an additional hydrolysis step. See conversion of(BB21) to (BB22). (†) Involves an additional deprotection of tBu groupwith TFA and triisopropylsilane in DCM prior to oxidation withDess-Martin Periodinane.

In addition to dipeptide intermediates (A) all of the above compoundssynthesised by Route 4 used α-Hydroxyamides intermediates of formula(IV).

Synthesis of α-Hydroxyamides (IV)

Typical Procedures Step 1—Synthesis of Boc-β-Amino-α-Hydroxyamides (14)

To a solution of (12A) (1.0 equiv.) in DMF or DCM (1 g/5 mL) was addedEDC.HCl (1.2 equiv.), HOBt (1.1 equiv.) and DIPEA (1.5 equiv.) thenamine (13) (1.1-2 equiv.) was added either neat or dissolved in anappropriate solvent such as DCM or DMF at 0° C., and the reactionmixture stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50mL), washed with (aq.) 5% w/v NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL), brine (2×20 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The residue was generally purified byflash column chromatography on silica gel or by reverse-phasepreparative HPLC to afford the desired compound (14).

In some instances EDC and HOBT could be replaced with other amidecoupling reagents such as HATU. The Boc-β-amino-α-hydroxyamides couldalso be formed by reacting the hydroxyl acid (12A) and or (12B)) withdiphosgene to form intermediate 1,3-dioxolane-2,4-diones which could bering opened with the requisite amines to afford the hydroxyamides.

Step 2—Synthesis of β-Amino-α-Hydroxyamides (26)

A solution of compound (14) (1 equiv.) in DCM (˜100 mg/mL) was treatedwith TFA (6 equiv.) at 0° C. and allowed to stir at ambient temperature.After 3 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue waswashed with Et₂O and dried under vacuum to obtain compound (1V) whichwas used in the next step without further purification.

Alternatively, the deprotection was carried out by treating the Bocβ-amino-α-hydroxyamides with a solution of 4M HCl in dioxane afterdissolving the compound in DCM.

Route 5: Synthesis of PVA Compounds (I) Via Tri-Peptide Hydroxy Acid

Typical Procedure Step 1:

This was typically carried out using a standard acid amine couplingreaction in analogous fashion to Step 1/Route 4.

Step 2—Synthesis of PVA compounds (1):

See Method A.

PVA Compounds Prepared by Route 5

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

PVA- 092 Aldehyde_QC_2; Rt = 5.05 min; m/z 635 (MH⁺); white solid 10 mg,15%

PVA- 098 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.70 min; m/z 593 (MH⁺); white solid 19 mg,19%

PVA- 103 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_2; Rt 6.13 min; m/z 583 (MH⁺); white solid3 mg, 2%

PVA- 105 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.69 min; m/z 587 (MH⁺); white solid 14 mg,18%

PVA- 109 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.50 min; m/z 549 (MH⁺); white solid 21 mg,34%

PVA- 110 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.50 min; m/z 549 (MH⁺); white solid 20 mg,21%

PVA- 111 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.93 min; m/z 606 (MH⁺); white solid 84 mg,31%

PVA- 112 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.03 min; m/z 592 (MH⁺); white solid 21 mg,34%

PVA- 117 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.91 min; m/z 447 (MH⁺); white solid 10 mg,26%

PVA- 119 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.85 min; m/z 542 (MH⁺); white solid 16 mg,33%,

PVA- 120 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.90 min; m/z 542 (MH⁺); white solid 18 mg,36%

PVA- 124 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.81 min; m/z 527 (MH⁺); white solid 13 mg,17%

PVA- 125 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.75 min; m/z 587 (MH⁺); white solid  9 mg,11%

PVA- 126 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.42 min; m/z 528 (MH⁺); white solid 11 mg,18%

PVA- 127 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.23 min; m/z 615 (MH⁺); white solid 15 mg,20%

PVA- 132 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_2; Rt 6.04 min; m/z 537 (MH⁺); white solid14 mg, 24%

PVA- 133 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_2, TFA; Rt 6.05 min; m/z 537 (MH⁺); whitesolid 17 mg, 27%

PVA- 134 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_2; Rt 4.57 min; m/z 540 (MH⁺); white solid5 mg, 8%

PVA- 135 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.98 min; m/z 601 (MH⁺); white solid 3 mg, 4%

PVA- 155 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.84 min; m/z 566 (MH⁺); white solid   1 mg0.3%

PVA- 158 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.41 min; m/z 513 (MH⁺); white solid 8 mg 3%

PVA- 159 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.37 min; m/z 588 (MH⁺); white solid 2 mg, 4%

PVA- 160 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.42 min; m/z 588 (MH⁺); white solid  8 mg,15%

PVA- 162 Analph9_MeOH_QC; Rt 8.15 min; m/z 621 (MH⁺); white solid 8 mg7%

PVA- 163 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.01 min; m/z 544 (MH⁺); white solid 6 mg7%

PVA- 164 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.24 min; m/z 581 (MH⁺); white solid 4 mg4%

PVA- 165 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.72 min; m/z 620 (MH⁺); white solid; 12mg 11%

PVA- 166 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.66 min; m/z 528 (MH⁺); white solid 4 mg4%

PVA- 167 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.67 min; m/z 527 (MH⁺); white solid  9mg 10%

PVA- 168 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.85 min; m/z 542 (MH⁺); white solid 10mg 10%

PVA- 169 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 6.93 mins; m/z 601 (MH⁺); white solid  5mg, 10%

PVA- 170 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 7.39 min; m/z 579 (MH⁺); white solid  5 mg,11%

PVA- 171 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 6.82 min; m/z 637 (MH⁺); white solid  9 mg,11%

PVA- 174 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.08 min; m/z 522 (MH⁺); white solid 22 mg,45%

PVA- 175 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.33 min; m/z 536 (MH⁺); white solid 19 mg,36%

PVA- 178 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.10 min; m/z 541 (MH⁺); white solid  9 mg16%

PVA- 179 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.42 min; m/z 557, 559 (MH⁺); white solid 10mg 19%

PVA- 180 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 8.13 min; m/z 579 (MH⁺); white solid 12 mg21%

PVA- 181 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.56 min; m/z 591 (MH⁺); white solid  9 mg15%

PVA- 185 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.73 min; m/z 653 (MH⁺); white solid  7 mg,13%

PVA- 186 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.64 min; m/z 657 (MH⁺); white solid 6 mg,3%,

PVA- 188 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.55 min; m/z 617 (MH⁺); white solid 10 mg,19%

PVA- 189 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.67 min; m/z 607 (MH⁺); white solid  9 mg16%

PVA- 190 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.29 min; m/z 621 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg 2%

PVA- 191 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.41 min; m/z 557, 559 (MH⁺); white solid 3mg 6%

192 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.76 min; m/z 548 (MH⁺); white solid 3 mg 5%

PVA- 193 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.39 min; m/z 557, 559 (MH⁺); white solid 4mg 8%

PVA- 194 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.57 min; m/z 581 (MH⁺); cream solid 1 mg2%

PVA- 195 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.59 min; m/z 622 (MH⁺); white solid 3 mg 4%

PVA- 196 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.96 min; m/z 580 (MH⁺); white solid 2 mg 3%

PVA- 197 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.67 min; m/z 616 (MH⁺); white solid 2 mg2%

PVA- 199 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.23 min; m/z 581 (MH⁺); white solid 13mg 20%

PVA- 200 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.71 min; m/z 623 (MH⁺); white solid 12mg 18%

PVA- 202 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.55 min; m/z 566 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg2 %

PVA- 203 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.71 min; m/z 487 (MH⁺); white solid 2 mg4%

PVA- 205 Analph9_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 8.41 min; m/z 537 (MH⁺); cream solid 3 mg4%

PVA- 206 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.63 min; m/z 614 (MH⁺); white solid 13mg 6% 

PVA- 207 Aldehyde Q_2; Rt 5.88 min; m/z 578 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg, 1%

PVA- 208 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.43 min; m/z 628 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg, 2%

PVA- 209 Analph2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 7.85 min; m/z 592 (MH⁺); white solid 14mg 6% 

PVA- 210 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.25 min; m/z 592 (MH⁺); white solid 8 mg, 9%

PVA- 211 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.35 min; m/z 633 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg, 2%

PVA- 212 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.09 min; m/z 618 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg, 2%

PVA- 213 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.07 min; m/z 634 (MH⁺); white solid 58 mg24%

Synthesis of the above compounds via route 5 requires intermediate (V).

Synthesis of Intermediate (V)

Typical Procedure Step 1—Synthesis of Boc β-amino-α-hydroxyacid methylester (15)

To a solution of (12A) (2.0 g, 1 equiv.) in DMF (18 mL) and MeOH (2 mL)at 0° C. was added slowly dropwise TMS-diazomethane (4.9 mL, 1.2equiv.). The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to ambient temperatureand stirred for 22 h. Acetic acid (5 equiv.) was added slowly dropwisewith cooling (ice-bath) to quench excess TMS-diazomethane. The reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAcand washed with sat (aq.) NaHCO₃, H₂O and brine. The organic layer wassubsequently dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the desiredmethyl ester (15A) (1.7 g, 83%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) 4.64 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 4.15 (1H, d, J=4.0 Hz), 3.66 (3H, s),3.65-3.59 (1H, m), 1.8-1.72 (1H, m), 1.31 (9H, s), 0.81 (6H, m).

Step 2—Synthesis of β-amino-α-hydroxyacid methyl ester (16)

A solution of (15A) (1.7 g, 1 equiv.) in DCM (20 mL) was treated with asolution of HCl in dioxane (4M, 16.8 mL, 10 equiv.) at 0° C. Thereaction mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature 18 h. Thereaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford an orange oil thatwas purified by column chromatography (silica gel) eluting with EtOActhen 5% MeOH/EtOAc to afford the desired product (16A) (1.2 g, 92%). 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.88 (2H, s, NH₂), 4.34 (1H, d, J=3.5 Hz), 3.62(3H, s), 3.11-3.08 (1H, m), 3.44-3.42 (1H, m), 0.86 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz),0.82 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz)

(16) can also be prepared using 5-10 equiv TFA in DCM.

Step 3—Synthesis of capped peptidyl α-hydroxyacid methyl esters (17)

To a solution of capped dipeptide acid (A) (1 equiv.) in THF (5 mL) wasadded iso-butyl chloroformate (1 equiv.) and NMM (2.5 equiv.) at −40° C.After 40 min, a solution of amine (16) (1 equiv.) in THF (2 mL) wasadded and stirred at −40° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith EtOAc (20 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 5% NaHCO₃(aq.) (10 mL), brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was generally purified by reverse-phasepreparative HPLC to afford the desired compound (17).

Step 4—Synthesis of capped peptidyl α-hydroxacids (V)

To a solution of capped peptidyl α-hydroxyacid methyl ester (17) in THFand H₂O was added lithium hydroxide (2 equiv.) with cooling (ice-bath).The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to ambient temperature andstirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with 10% aqueousacetic acid and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×5volumes). The combined organic extracts were washed with H₂O (5 volumes)and brine (5 volumes), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to affordthe desired compound.

Route 6: Synthesis of PVA Compounds (I) Via Tri-peptide Hydroxy Amide

Typical Procedure Step 1—Synthesis of Capped Petidyl α-Hydroxyamide (II)

This was carried out in an analogous fashion to Step 3/Route 2

Step 2—Synthesis of PVA compounds (1)

See Method A.

PVA Compounds Prepared by Route 6

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

PVA-  130^(*) Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.28 min; m/z 617 (MH⁺); white solid 14mg, 13%

PVA-  131^(*) Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 4.23 min; m/z 617 (MH⁺); white solid  7mg,  7%

PVA- 149 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 6.39 min; m/z 563 (MH⁺); white solid 278 mg, 32%

PVA- 150 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.39 min; m/z 574 (MH⁺); white solid 34 mg,27%

PVA- 157 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 5.49 min; m/z 563 (MH⁺); white solid 14 mg,11%

PVA- 172 Analph9_MeOH QC_2; Rt 8.16 min; m/z 572 (MH⁺); white solid 23mg 25%

PVA- 173 AnalpH9_MeOH_QC; Rt 8.31 min; m/z 621 (MH⁺); white solid 14 mg13%

PVA- 176 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC; Rt 8.31 min; m/z 621 (MH⁺); white solid 17 mg,21%

PVA- 182 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.28 min; m/z 591 (MH⁺); white solid 16 mg,31%

PVA- 183 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.49 min; m/z 557, 559 (MH⁺); white solid 12mg, 25%

PVA- 184 Aldehyde QC_2; Rt 7.49 min; m/z 557, 559 (MH⁺); white solid 11mg, 23%

PVA- 201 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 6.25 min; m/z 621 (MH⁺); white solid 13mg 20%

PVA- 216 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC_2; Rt 5.73 min; m/z 544 (MH⁺); white solid 12mg,  1% (^(*))PVA-130 and PVA-131 were prepared from the mono-methylester, hydrolysis of the methyl ester was carried out using LiOH THF/H₂Oprior to oxidation with Dess-Martin periodinane.

Synthesis of the above compounds via route 6 require intermediate (VI).Compounds of formula (VI) were prepared as follows:

Step1—Synthesis of(S)-2-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3,3-dimethyl-butrylamino)-propionicacid ethyl ester (19)

To a solution of (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoicacid (18) (10 g, 43.3 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at −40° C. was addedisobutyl chloroformate (5.9 mL, 45.5 mmol) followed by NMM (10.45 mL,95.23 mmol) and stirred at −40° C. for 1 h. A solution of H-Ala-OMe (7.3g, 47.6 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added to the above reaction mixture andstirred at −40° C. After 2.5 h, EtOAc (500 mL) was added to the reactionmixture, stirred for 10 min and filtered to remove the salts. Thefiltrate was washed with 10% citric acid (3×100 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ solution(3×100 mL), brine solution (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated.The obtained residue was stirred with pet. ether (100 mL) for 30 min,the resulting solid was isolated by filtration to obtain the desiredcompound (6 g, 43%) as a white solid. R_(f): 0.3 (20% EtOAc/pet. ether);¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 8.3 (1H, d, J=6 Hz), 6.36 (1H, d, J=9.6 Hz),4.22 (1H, m), 4.1-4.03 (2H, m), 3.89 (1H, d, J=9.6 Hz), 1.38 (9H, s),1.27 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 1.16 (3H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 0.91 (9H, s); m/z 331(MH)⁺.

Step 2—Synthesis of(S)-2-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-propionicacid (20)

To a solution of (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoicacid (18) (6.5 g, 19.7 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added NaOH (1.7 g, 43.8mmol) in H₂O (60 mL) and the reaction mixture stirred at ambienttemperature for 16 h. THF was subsequently removed in vacuo and theaqueous phase washed with EtOAc (50 mL). The aqueous phase was thenadjusted to pH ˜2 by addition of 1M HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×50mL). The organics were combined dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to givethe desired compound (20) as a white solid (5.7 g, 95%); AnalpH2_MeOH;Rt 2.61 min; m/z 303 (MH⁺); white solid

Step 3—Synthesis of Boc-Peptidyl α-Hydroxyamides (21)

To a solution of (20) (1.1 g, 1 equiv.) in THF (20 mL) was addediso-butyl chloroformate

(496 μL, 1 equiv.), NMM (2.5 equiv.) at −40° C. After 40 min, a solutionof compound (1V) (1 equiv.) in THF (20 mL) was added and stirred at −40°C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) andfiltered. The filtrate was washed with (aq.) 5% NaFICO₃ solution (100mL), brine solution (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was typically purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC toafford the desired compound (21).

Step 4—Synthesis of Petidyl α-Hydroxyamides (VI)

A solution of the Boc-peptidyl α-hydroxyamide (21) (1 equiv.) in DCM (10volumes) was treated with TFA (6 equiv.) at 0° C. and allowed to stir atambient temperature. After 3 h, the reaction mixture was concentratedand the residue was washed with Et₂O (2×10 volumes) and dried undervacuum to obtain the desired compound (VI) which was used in the nextstep without further purification.

In some instances, the deprotection was carried out with a solution of4M HCl in dioxane after dissolving the Boc compound (21) in DCM.

Method B: Synthesis of PVA Compounds (I) Via Ozonolysis Chemistry

Typical Procedure Synthesis of Tripeptide Intermediates:

The following tripeptides (O) were prepared using the same methodologyas described in Route 1 for the synthesis of dipeptide intermediates(A).

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

O1 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.15 min; m/z 454 (MH⁺); white solid 1.05 g, 36%

O2 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.06 min; m/z 440 (MH⁺); white solid 1.54 g, 27%

O3 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 3.55 min; m/z 398 (MH⁺); white solid 0.73 g, 14%

Step 1—Synthesis of Cyanophosphoranyl Intermediate (P)

To a solution of tripeptide intermediate (O) (1 equiv.) in DCM (1 g/30mL) was added EDC.HCl (2 equiv.),(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile (2 equiv.) and DMAP (0.1equiv.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 22° C. afterwhich time the solvent was removed and the resulting crude materialpurified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to afford the desiredcompound (P).

The following compounds of formula (P) were prepared using this method.

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

P1 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.03 mins; m/z 737 (MH⁺); brown solid 210 mg, 25%

P2 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.59 mins; m/z 723 (MH⁺); pale orange brown solid320 mg, 20%

P3 AnalpH2_MeOH; Rt = 4.37 mins; m/z 681 (MH⁺); pale brown solid 250 mg,27%

Step 2—Synthesis of PVA Compounds (1)

Through a solution of intermediate (P) (1 equiv.) in DCM (100 volumes)at −78° C. was bubbled gaseous ozone for 5-10 min. Nitrogen was bubbledthrough the mixture for 5 min followed by the addition of a solution ofthe amine (R¹¹R¹²NH) (1 equiv.) in DCM (20 volumes) after which time thereaction was stirred for 30 min at −78° C. before solvent removal. Theresidue was purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC followed bylyophilisation to afford the desired compound (I).

PVA Compounds Prepared by Method B

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

PVA- 006 AnalpH2_QC; Rt = 6.82 min; m/z 535 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg, 4%

PVA- 007 AldehydeQC_1A; Rt = 5.50 min; m/z 564 (MH⁺); white solid 4 mg,10% 

PVA- 014 AnalpH2_A1B1_QC; Rt = 7.45 min; m/z 541 (MH⁺); white solid 3mg, 7%

PVA- 018 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_1; Rt = 4.18 min; m/z 536 (MH⁺); whitesolid 9 mg, 22% 

PVA- 022 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_1; Rt = 5.43 min; m/z 558 (MH⁺); whitesolid 3 mg, 8%

PVA- 023 AldehydeQC_1; Rt = 6.24 min; m/z 558 (MH⁺); white solid 3 mg,9%

PVA- 024 AldehydeQC_1; Rt = 5.97 min; m/z 558 (MH⁺); Cream solid 1 mg 3%

PVA- 025 AldehydeQC_1; Rt = 5.09 min; m/z 664 (MH⁺); Cream solid 4 mg,12% 

PVA Compounds Synthesized by Alternative Routes

The following PVA compounds were synthesized by alternative routes.Nonetheless, the methods described above may also be equally applicableto synthesis of these compounds.

Compound Code Analytical Data Yield

PVA- 017 Aldehyde_QC (Gemini)_1; Rt = 7.22 min; m/z 563 (MH⁺); whitesolid 5 mg

PVA- 040 Aldehyde_QC_1 Rt = 7.28 min; m/z 572 (MH⁺); white solid 1 mg

PVA- 102 AnalpH2_MeOH_QC; Rt = 7.65min; m/z 515 (MH⁺); beige solid 25mg 

PVA-017 was prepared by synthesizing Bz-D-Phe-Ala-OH (A2) on Wang resin(Route 1) and coupling it to the appropriate α-hydroxy-β-aminocyclohexylamide building block that was in turn made by Passerinichemistry on a Cbz protected norleucine aldehyde precursor. Thisprecursor was deprotected (hydrogenolysis), coupled (iso-butylchloroformate conditions) and oxidized (Dess-Martin periodinane) to givethe desired pyruvamide.

PVA-040 was prepared from the corresponding dithiolane protected pyruvicacid and 4-picolylamine (HOAT, EDC) followed by hydrolysis of thedithiolane group with 1 M HCl (aq.) using ethylacetate as a co-solvent.The dithiolane protected pyruvic acid was prepared from thecorresponding ethyl ester by hydrolysis (1M NaOH, MeOH) which wasin-turn prepared from the corresponding ethyl pyruvate (24)(ethane-1,2-dithiol, BF₃.Et₂O). The ethyl pyruvate (24) was prepared intwo steps from BzPheAlaNleOH (O1). Firstly, a Dakin West reaction wascarried out with ethyloxalylchloride (22) to generate the ethyloxalylenolate (23). This was subsequently hydrolysed with sodium ethoxide inethanol to give the desired ethyl pyruvate (24).

PVA-102 was prepared from the coupling of dimethylacetal (25) withBzPheAlaOH (A1) using the standard iso-butylchlroformate conditions.Hyrdrolysis of the acetal (26) using a mixture of TFA:acetone:water gavethe desired final compound PVA-102. The dimethyl acetal (25) wasprepared in 10 steps from Cbz-protected glycine (27). This was firstconverted to the corresponding Boc-protected hydroxyl-acid (28) usingprocedures analogous to those outlined for the synthesis of 12A and 12B(Scheme 10). 28 was then converted to the desired acetal (25) in 5steps. First coupling with benzyl amine was performed under standardacid-amine coupling conditions to give the corresponding benzyl amide.The Boc protecting group was then switched to F-moc in two steps (Bocdeprotection followed by Fmoc-protection using standard conditions). Thealcohol was then oxidised using Dess-Martin periodinane and thenconverted to the acetal using methylorthofomate and p-toluenesulphonicacid in methanol. Finally the F-moc protecting group was removed usingpiperidine in DCM to give compound 25.

Additional Synthesis Details

Described below are the syntheses of materials and reagents that may notbe readily or commercially available and synthetic sequences outside thescope of those outlined above.

Synthesis of Ether Linked Benzoic Acid Intermediates—General Procedure

Synthesis of Methyl-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy Benzoate (BB1)

A suspension of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester (20 g, 132 mmol, 1equiv.) and powdered anhydrous K₂CO₃ (2.5 equiv.) in dry DMF (160 mL)was heated to 100° C. 1-(2-Chloroethyl)pyrrolidine (1.3 equiv.) wasadded portion wise and the resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered.The filtrate was diluted with H₂O (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc(2×250 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (4×50mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crudematerial was purified by column chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel,20% EtOAc-DCM) to provide (BB1) (17.1 g, 52%) as yellow liquid. R_(f):0.2 (50% EtOAc/pet. ether). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.98 (2H, d,J=9.4 Hz), 6.93 (2H, d, J=9.4 Hz), 4.16 (2H, t, J=6 Hz), 3.88 (3H, s),2.92 (2H, t, J=6 Hz), 2.65-2.61 (4H, m), 1.85-1.78 (4H, m); m/z 250(MH)⁺.

Synthesis of Methyl-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy Benzoic AcidHydrochloride (BB2)

To a solution of compound (BB1) (16.9 g, 68 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) wasadded 5 N aq. NaOH (40 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture wasstirred for 5 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue obtained wasdissolved in H₂O (25 mL), cooled to 0° C. (ice-bath) and acidified with6 N aq. HCl (pH ˜6). The resulting precipitate was collected byfiltration and washed with cold MeOH (25 mL) and dried to provide (BB2)(8.45 g, 53%) as an off white solid. R_(f): 0.2 (84:15:1MeOH/CHCl₃/AcOH). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.92 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz),7.1 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 4.43-4.42 (2H, m), 3.6-3.55 (2H, m), 3.2-3.1 (4H,br s), 2.0-1.9 (4H, m); m/z 236 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of Methyl-3-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy Benzoate (BB3)

A suspension of 3-hydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester (20 g, 131.57 mmol)and powdered anhydrous K₂CO₃ (45.3 g, 328.26 mmol) in dry DMF (160 mL)was heated to 100° C. 1-(2-Chloroethyl)pyrrolidine (29.1 g, 171 mmol)was added in six portions to the reaction mixture which was stirred for5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered.The filtrate was dissolved in H₂O (200 mL), extracted with EtOAc (2×250mL), washed with brine solution (4×50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude compound was purified bycolumn chromatography (100-200 mesh, silica gel, 20% EtOAc-DCM) toprovide compound (BB3) (11.8 g, 36%) as yellow liquid. R_(f): 0.2 (50%EtOAc/pet. ether). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.63 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.58(1H, s), 7.32 (1H, t, J=4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J=2.4, 8 Hz), 4.15 (2H, d,J=6 Hz), 3.91 (3H, s), 2.92 (2H, t, J=6 Hz), 2.63-2.60 (41⁻¹, m),1.85-1.77 (4H, m); m/z 250 (MH⁺).

Synthesis of 4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-Aelhoxy Benzoic Acid Hydrochloride (BB4)

To a solution of (BB3) (11.7 g, 46.98 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) was added 5N aq. NaOH (40 mL) solution at room temperature, stirred for 5 h andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in H₂O (10 mL), cooledin an ice bath, acidified with 6 N aq. HCl (pH ˜6), extracted with 10%MeOH—CHCl₃ (3×50 mL), the combined organics were concentrated and theresidue was treated with ethereal-HCl (100 mL) to obtain a precipitatedsolid which was filtered and dried to provide (BB4) (5.5 g, 49%) as awhite solid. R_(f): 0.2 (15% MeOH/CHCl₃). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ13.01 (1H, br s), 7.58 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.51 (1H, s), 7.46 (1H, t,J=8.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, d, J=2.4, 8 Hz), 4.45-4.35 (2H, m), 3.65-3.50 (4H,m), 3.15-3.05 (2H, m), 2.05-1.85 (4H, m).

Synthesis of 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (BB5)

To a solution of 1-methyl imidazole (57 g, 0.7 mmol) in THF (250 mL) wasadded LDA (2 M solution in THF, 348 mL) at −60° C. and the stirred for 3h. The reaction mixture was cooled −78° C., DMF (75 mL) was addedrapidly, and the reaction mixture was slowly allowed to room temperatureand stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture wascooled to 0° C., a solution of NaH₂PO₄ (100 g in 350 mL H₂O) was addedand the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. The mixture wasfiltered to remove insoluble material and the filtrate was extractedwith DCM (4×400 mL). The combined organic extracts were concentrated invacuo and the crude residue was purified by column chromatography(silica gel, 100-200 mesh, 30% EtOAc/pet. ether) to provide (BB5) (41 g,53%) as a yellow solid. R_(f): 0.3 (15% MeOH/CHCl₃). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ 9.82 (1H, s), 7.28 (1H, app d), 7.13 (1H, app d), 4.04 (3H,s); m/z 111 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of (1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methanol (BB6)

To a solution of compound (BB5) (40.5 g, 368 mmol) in MeOH (300 mL) at0° C. was added NaBH₄ (20.89 g, 551 mmol) portion wise. The reactionmixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 5 h. Thereaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., H₂O (150 mL) was added and themixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature then concentrated invacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in H₂O (150 mL) and extractedwith CHCl₃ (4×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was stirred with Et₂O (150 mL) andfiltered to afford (BB6) (36 g, 87%) as a white solid. R_(f): 0.4 (15%MeOH/CHCl₃). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.89 (1H, app d), 6.83 (1H, appd), 4.66 (2H, s), 3.72 (31-1, s); m/z 113 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-(Chloromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole Hydrochloride (BB7)

To a solution of (BB6) (35.5 g, 316.96 mmol) in DCM (1500 mL) was addedSOCl₂ (330 mL, 4436 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to ambienttemperature and stirred for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated,the residue was washed with DCM (2×500 mL), followed by Et₂O (2×200 mL)to obtain (BB7) (50 g, 95%) as an off-white solid. R_(f): 0.4 (EtOAc).¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.76 (1H, app d), 7.70 (1H, app d), 5.17(2H, s), 3.87 (3H, s); ink 131 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of Methyl-4-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methoxy)benzoate (BB8)

A suspension of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester (18 g, 118.42 mmol)and powdered anhydrous K₂CO₃ (40.85 g, 296 mmol) in dry DMF (150 mL) washeated to 100° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added (BB7) (25.5g, 153.6 mmol) in six portions. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hand then cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate wasdissolved in H₂O (200 mL), extracted with EtOAc (2×250 mL), the combinedorganics were washed with brine solution (3×100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄,concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude compound was purified bycolumn chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, eluted with 2%MeOH—CHCl₃) to provide (BB8) (17.1 g, 52%) as an off-white solid. R_(f):0.2 (50% EtOAc/pet. ether). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.0 (2H, d, J=8.8Hz), 7.33 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.02 (1H, app d), 6.91 (1H, app d), 5.22(2H, s), 3.88 (3H, s), 3.73 (3H, s); m/z 247 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of 4-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methoxybenzoic AcidHydrochloride (BB9)

To a solution of (BB8) (24.1 g, 97.96 mmol) in MeOH (180 mL) was addedaq. 5 N NaOH (70 mL) solution at room temperature. The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 8 h and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in H₂O (100 mL) and washed with Et₂O (2×100 mL),the aqueous layer was cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 6 N aq.HCl (pH ˜6). The precipitated solid was collected by filtration andwashed with pet ether (200 mL) and dried to provide (BB9) (20.7 g, 76%)as a white solid. R_(f): 0.6 (5% MeOH/CHCl₃). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆):δ 7.92 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.42 (1H, s), 7.21-7.19 (3H, m), 5.36 (2H, s),3.76 (3H, s); m/z 233 (MH)⁺.

Synthesis of Methyl-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methoxy Benzoate (BB10)

A suspension of 3-hydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester (18 g, 118.42 mmol)and powdered anhydrous K₂CO₃ (40.85 g, 296 mmol) in dry DMF (150 mL) washeated to 100° C. To the reaction mixture was added (BB7) (25.5 g, 153.6mmol) in six portions. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h and thenwas cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was dissolvedin H₂O (200 mL), extracted with EtOAc (2×250 mL), and the combinedorganics were washed with brine (3×100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude compound was purified bycolumn chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, 2% MeOH—CHCl₃) toprovide (BB10) (15.3 g, 52%) as an off-white solid. R_(f): 0.2 (50%EtOAc/pet. ether). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.67-7.55 (2H, m), 7.36(1H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 7.25 (1H, app d), 7.02 (1H, app d), 6.91 (1H, app d),5.19 (2H, s), 3.92 (3H, s), 3.74 (3H, s); m/z 247 (MH⁺).

Synthesis of Methyl-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methoxy Benzoic AcidHydrochloride (BB11)

To a solution of (BB10) (15.1 g, 61.38 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) was added5 N aq. NaOH (40 mL) solution at room temperature. The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 5 h and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in H₂O (150 mL) and washed with Et₂O (2×100 mL),the aqueous layer was cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 6 N aq.HCl (pH ˜6). The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washedwith chilled H₂O (50 mL) and pet. ether (200 mL) and dried to provide(BB11) (7.8 g, 46%) as an off-white solid. R_(f): 0.6 (15% MeOH/CHCl₃).¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.65-7.56 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, t, J=8 Hz),7.35-7.30 (1H, m), 7.26-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.90 (m, 1H), 5.21 (2H, s),3.7 (3H, s); m/z 233 (MH*).

Synthesis of Pyrimidine-4-carboxylic Acid (BB12)

To a solution of 4-methylpyrimidine (4 g, 46.5 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL)was added SeO₂ (8.7 g, 79.06 mmol) at room temperature. The reactionmixture was then heated to 60° C. for 2 h, and then stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (50 mL)and filtered to remove selenium waste. The filtrate was concentrated togive a residue that was stirred with H₂O (20 mL), the precipitated solidwas filtered and washed with acetone (2×20 mL) and dried to provide(BB12) (3.1 g, 58%) as a brown solid. R_(f): 0.2 (40% MeOH/CHCl₃). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.8 (1H, br s), 9.37 (1H, s), 9.07 (1H, d,J=5.2 Hz), 8.01 (1H, d, J=4 Hz); m/z 123 (M−H)⁻.

Synthesis of (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutanoicacid (BB17)

BB17 was synthesised in accordance with the procedures outlined inpatent application US 2009/0264487 A1.

Synthesis of (BB19):

Synthesis of (BB18)

Dipeptide NH₂-Tle-Ala-OEt (1.5 g, 1 equiv.) was suspended in MeCN (30mL). To the stirred suspension was added phthaldialdehyde (584 mg, 1equiv.) and acetic acid (25 mL, 0.1 equiv.). The reaction mixture wasstirred at ambient temperature for 3.5 h. The reaction was concentratedin vacuo and the crude residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL). Theorganic phase was washed with (aq) HCl (2M, 3×20 mL), sat. aq. NaHCO₃(2×20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄). The resulting crude materialwas purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-40%EtOAc/iso-hexane) to afford the desired compound (BB18) (1.18 g, 78%) asa cream solid. LC-MS purity 95%; m/z 347 [MH]⁺.

Synthesis of (BB19)

To a stirred solution of (BB18) (1.18 g, 1 equiv.) in THF/H₂O (1:1; 20mL) was added LiOH.H₂O (173 mg, 1.2 equiv.) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at ambient temperature for 5.5 h. The THF was removed in vacuoand the aqueous phase was washed with EtOAc (5 mL) and acidified to pH4-5 (2M HCl, ˜1-2 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×20mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desiredcompound (BB19) (669 mg, 62%) as a cream foam. LC-MS purity 98.8%; m/z319 [MH]⁺.

Synthesis of (BB20)

BB20 was synthesised using analagous chemistry to that described abovefor BB19.

Intermediate Hydrolysis Step in the Synthesis of PVA-081:

LiOH (20 mg) was added to a stirred solution of ester (BB21) (130 mg) inTHF/H₂O (3:1, 8 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnightand then allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to approximately 1 mL. The pH wasadjusted to 2-3 by addition of HCl (1.0 M aqueous). The resultingprecipitate was filtered and washed with H₂O (10 mL) and diethyl ether(5 mL) and then dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. to yield (BB22) (90 mg,71%) as a white solid. LC-MS, R_(t)=2.81 min (AnalpH2_MeOH), m/z 603(MH⁺).

Isocyanide Synthesis—General Procedure:

Synthesis of Formyl Amides:

A typical procedure involves:

To a solution of the amine (1 g, 1 equiv.) at 0° C. was added ethylformate (1.2 equiv.) after which the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 2h. DCM (5 mL) was added and the reaction stirred for 30 min at roomtemperature after which time the crude reaction was triturated withiso-hexane to afford the desired compound.

Synthesis of Isocyanides:

To a solution of formyl amide (100 mg, 0.58 mmol, 1 equiv.) in DCM (5mL) was added PS-tosyl chloride (3 equiv.) and pyridine (1.5 mL) afterwhich time the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 minbefore removal of the PS-tosyl chloride by filtration. The organic layerwas washed with (aq.) 2 M KHSO₄ (3×30 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filteredand the solvent removed in vacuo to afford the desired isocyanide whichwas used ‘as is’ without further purification.

Biological Methods—Enzyme Assays

Many of the compounds contain a centre which is sufficiently basic, andwere purified in such a way, that it is likely that they were obtainedas the corresponding trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt. Consequently, inthe biological studies described herein, it is believed that thefollowing compounds were studied in the form of the corresponding TFAsalt: PVA-007, PVA-018, PVA-020, PVA-022, PVA-023, PVA-024, PVA-025,PVA-035, PVA-036, PVA-038, PVA-039, PVA-040, PVA-043, PVA-047, PVA-048,PVA-049, PVA-055, PVA-059, PVA-060, PVA-061, PVA-062, PVA-063, PVA-064,PVA-065, PVA-069, PVA-070, PVA-071, PVA-072, PVA-073, PVA-074, PVA-083,PVA-086, PVA-089, PVA-092, PVA-093, PVA-099, PVA-105, PVA-119, PVA-120,PVA-124, PVA-125, PVA-127, PVA-128, PVA-130, PVA-131, PVA-136, PVA-137,PVA-138, PVA-140, PVA-145, PVA-146, PVA-147, PVA-150, PVA-159, PVA-160,PVA-172, PVA-173, PVA-174, PVA-175, PVA-176, PVA-185, PVA-186, PVA-187,PVA-188, PVA-195, PVA-210, PVA-211, PVA-216.

Many of the compounds contain a centre which is sufficiently basic, andwere purified in such a way, that it is likely that they were obtainedas the corresponding formic acid salt. Consequently, in the biologicalstudies described herein, it is believed that the following compoundswere studied in the form of the corresponding formic acid salt: PVA-098.

Several of the compounds contain a quauternary ammonium group, and werepurified in such a way that they were obtained with either atrifluoroacetate counter-ion or a formate counter-ion. Consequently, inthe biological studies described herein, it is believed that thefollowing compounds were studied in the form of the corresponding saltwith trifluoroacetate counter-ion: PVA-153, PVA-154. Similarly, in thebiological studies described herein, it is believed that the followingcompounds were studied in the form of the corresponding salt withformate counter-ion: PVA-096.

Assay for Der p 1 Der p 1 Purification:

House dust mites of the species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus werecultured as described (see Zhang et al., 2007). Der p 1 was purifiedchromatographically and its identity confirmed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOFmass spectrometry (see Zhang et al., 2007). Its concentration insolution was determined in a quartz cuvette by absorbance at 280 nmusing an extinction coefficient of 47,705 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹.

Der p 1 Enzyme Activity Assay:

The fluorogenic substrate used for measuring Der p 1 proteolyticactivity was 2-aminobenzoylvalylalanylnorleucylseryl-(3-nitro)tyrosinylaspartamide. This compound is internally quenched by fluorescenceresonance energy transfer (FRET), but upon cleavage its emission at 420nm increases when the substrate is excited at 330 nm (see Zhang et al.,2007).

Test compounds were dissolved in dry DMSO and maintained at 4° C. asstock solutions until being diluted for use in screening assays. Finalconcentration of DMSO in all enzymatic assays was 0.5% v/v.

Reaction mixtures were assembled in a 96-well plate format (Perkin ElmerOptiplate 96F, Perkin Elmer LAS, Seer Green, Buckinghamshire, UK) usinga Perkin Elmer MuItiPROBE II Plus HTS EX robot with Gripper attachment.Plates were pre-formatted with serial dilutions (10 μL/well) of testcompound or appropriate control in reaction buffer (composition:potassium phosphate buffer pH 8.25 containing 1 mM EDTA), to which afurther 60 μL of reaction buffer was added. Dithiothreitol (DTT, 10pUwell, 1 mM final concentration) was then added together with 10 μL ofDer p 1 dissolved at 2.5 μg/mL in reaction buffer supplemented with 1 mMDTT. Reaction mixtures were then incubated at room temperature for 20minutes before initiating the reaction by the addition of 10 μL ofsubstrate (12.5 μM final concentration). The plate was immediatelytransferred to a fluorescence plate reader (Perkin Elmer Fusion Alpha-FPor Perkin Elmer Envision) equipped with a temperature-controlled carrierset at 30° C. and the reaction followed by excitation/emission at330/420 nm.

Enzyme Assay Data Analysis

Inhibitory activity was analysed from progress curves of reactions inthe presence of a range of inhibitor concentrations. Initial reactionvelocities were calculated by computational non-linear regression andthe degree of inhibition produced by compounds determined, from whichthe concentration required to inhibit the reaction by 50% (IC₅₀) wascalculated according to the scheme below:

Initial velocity in each well was converted to fractional activity byEquation 1:

Fractional activity=(Initial rate at inhibitor concentration [X]/Initialrate at inhibitor concentration zero)*100  Equation 1:

Then, IC₅₀ was determined by fitting the data of fractional activity andinhibitor concentration to a 4-parameter logistic curve, using Equation2:

V=V _(min) +[V _(max) −V _(min)]/[1+(X/IC₅₀)Hillslope]  Equation 2:

where:

V is the fractional activity of the enzyme in the presence of inhibitorat concentration [X];

[α] is the inhibitor concentration;

V_(min) is the minimum of Y observed at high inhibitor concentration;

V_(max) is the maximum of Y observed at zero inhibitor concentration;and

Hillslope is the slope of the dose-response (inhibition) curve.

Biological Data—Der p 1 Enzyme Assay

The following compounds were studied using the Der p 1 assay describedabove: PVA-001 to PVA-216.

All of the compounds were found to have a Der p 1 IC₅₀ of less than 10μM.

The following compounds were found to have a Der p 1 IC₅₀ of less than 2μM:

PVA-001, PVA-002, PVA-003, PVA-004, PVA-005, PVA-006, PVA-007, PVA-009,PVA-010, PVA-011, PVA-012, PVA-015, PVA-016, PVA-017, PVA-018, PVA-019,PVA-020, PVA-021, PVA-022, PVA-023, PVA-024, PVA-025, PVA-026, PVA-027,PVA-028, PVA-029, PVA-030, PVA-031, PVA-032, PVA-033, PVA-034, PVA-035,PVA-036, PVA-037, PVA-038, PVA-039, PVA-040, PVA-041, PVA-042, PVA-043,PVA-044, PVA-045, PVA-046, PVA-047, PVA-048, PVA-049, PVA-050, PVA-051,PVA-052, PVA-053, PVA-054, PVA-055, PVA-056, PVA-057, PVA-058, PVA-059,PVA-060, PVA-061, PVA-062, PVA-063, PVA-064, PVA-065, PVA-066, PVA-067,PVA-068, PVA-069, PVA-070, PVA-071, PVA-072, PVA-073, PVA-074, PVA-075,PVA-076, PVA-077, PVA-078, PVA-079, PVA-080, PVA-081, PVA-082, PVA-083,PVA-084, PVA-085, PVA-086, PVA-088, PVA-089, PVA-090, PVA-091, PVA-092,PVA-093, PVA-094, PVA-095, PVA-096, PVA-097, PVA-098, PVA-099, PVA-100,PVA-101, PVA-102, PVA-103, PVA-104, PVA-105, PVA-106, PVA-107, PVA-108,PVA-109, PVA-110, PVA-111, PVA-112, PVA-113, PVA-114, PVA-115, PVA-116,PVA-117, PVA-118, PVA-119, PVA-120, PVA-121, PVA-122, PVA-123, PVA-124,PVA-125, PVA-126, PVA-127, PVA-128, PVA-129, PVA-130, PVA-131, PVA-132,PVA-133, PVA-134, PVA-135, PVA-136, PVA-137, PVA-138, PVA-140, PVA-141,PVA-142, PVA-143, PVA-144, PVA-145, PVA-146, PVA-147, PVA-148, PVA-149,PVA-150, PVA-151, PVA-152, PVA-153, PVA-154, PVA-155, PVA-156, PVA-157,PVA-158, PVA-159, PVA-160, PVA-161, PVA-162, PVA-163, PVA-164, PVA-165,PVA-166, PVA-167, PVA-168, PVA-169, PVA-170, PVA-171, PVA-172, PVA-173,PVA-174, PVA-175, PVA-176, PVA-177, PVA-178, PVA-179, PVA-180, PVA-181,PVA-182, PVA-183, PVA-184, PVA-185, PVA-186, PVA-187, PVA-188, PVA-189,PVA-190, PVA-191, PVA-192, PVA-193, PVA-194, PVA-195, PVA-196, PVA-197,PVA-198, PVA-199, PVA-200, PVA-201, PVA-202, PVA-203, PVA-204, PVA-205,PVA-206, PVA-207, PVA-208, PVA-209, PVA-210, PVA-211, PVA-212, PVA-213,PVA-214, PVA-215, PVA-216.

The following compounds were found to have a Der p 1 IC₅₀ of less than200 nM:

PVA-001, PVA-002, PVA-003, PVA-004, PVA-005, PVA-009, PVA-010, PVA-011,PVA-015, PVA-017, PVA-019, PVA-020, PVA-022, PVA-023, PVA-024, PVA-026,PVA-027, PVA-028, PVA-030, PVA-031, PVA-032, PVA-033, PVA-035, PVA-036,PVA-037, PVA-038, PVA-039, PVA-041, PVA-042, PVA-044, PVA-045, PVA-046,PVA-047, PVA-048, PVA-049, PVA-050, PVA-051, PVA-052, PVA-053, PVA-054,PVA-055, PVA-056, PVA-057, PVA-058, PVA-059, PVA-060, PVA-061, PVA-062,PVA-063, PVA-064, PVA-065, PVA-066, PVA-067, PVA-068, PVA-071, PVA-072,PVA-073, PVA-074, PVA-075, PVA-076, PVA-077, PVA-078, PVA-079, PVA-080,PVA-081, PVA-082, PVA-083, PVA-084, PVA-085, PVA-086, PVA-088, PVA-089,PVA-091, PVA-092, PVA-093, PVA-094, PVA-095, PVA-096, PVA-097, PVA-098,PVA-099, PVA-100, PVA-101, PVA-102, PVA-103, PVA-104, PVA-105, PVA-106,PVA-107, PVA-108, PVA-109, PVA-110, PVA-111, PVA-112, PVA-113, PVA-114,PVA-115, PVA-116, PVA-117, PVA-118, PVA-119, PVA-120, PVA-121, PVA-122,PVA-123, PVA-124, PVA-125, PVA-126, PVA-127, PVA-128, PVA-129, PVA-130,PVA-131, PVA-132, PVA-133, PVA-134, PVA-135, PVA-136, PVA-137, PVA-138,PVA-141, PVA-142, PVA-143, PVA-144, PVA-145, PVA-146, PVA-147, PVA-148,PVA-149, PVA-150, PVA-151, PVA-152, PVA-153, PVA-154, PVA-155, PVA-156,PVA-157, PVA-158, PVA-159, PVA-160, PVA-161, PVA-162, PVA-163, PVA-164,PVA-165, PVA-166, PVA-167, PVA-168, PVA-169, PVA-170, PVA-171, PVA-172,PVA-173, PVA-174, PVA-175, PVA-176, PVA-177, PVA-178, PVA-179, PVA-180,PVA-181, PVA-182, PVA-183, PVA-184, PVA-185, PVA-186, PVA-187, PVA-188,PVA-189, PVA-190, PVA-191, PVA-192, PVA-193, PVA-194, PVA-195, PVA-196,PVA-197, PVA-198, PVA-199, PVA-200, PVA-201, PVA-202, PVA-203, PVA-204,PVA-205, PVA-206, PVA-207, PVA-208, PVA-209, PVA-210, PVA-211, PVA-212,PVA-213, PVA-214, PVA-215, PVA-216.

The followihg compounds were found to have a Der p 1 IC₅₀ of less than20 nM:

PVA-001, PVA-003, PVA-005, PVA-009, PVA-026, PVA-035, PVA-037, PVA-038,PVA-039, PVA-042, PVA-047, PVA-055, PVA-066, PVA-067, PVA-068, PVA-071,PVA-072, PVA-073, PVA-074, PVA-078, PVA-079, PVA-080, PVA-092, PVA-093,PVA-094, PVA-096, PVA-097, PVA-099, PVA-104, PVA-105, PVA-108, PVA-111,PVA-112, PVA-116, PVA-118, PVA-128, PVA-129, PVA-130, PVA-132, PVA-134,PVA-135, PVA-136, PVA-137, PVA-143, PVA-144, PVA-146, PVA-147, PVA-149,PVA-150, PVA-151, PVA-153, PVA-154, PVA-155, PVA-156, PVA-157, PVA-158,PVA-161, PVA-162, PVA-164, PVA-169, PVA-177, PVA-178, PVA-182, PVA-183,PVA-185, PVA-186, PVA-187, PVA-188, PVA-192, PVA-194, PVA-195, PVA-196,PVA-197, PVA-199, PVA-202, PVA-204, PVA-205, PVA-206, PVA-207, PVA-208,PVA-209, PVA-210, PVA-211, PVA-212, PVA-213, PVA-214, PVA-215, PVA-216.

Data for four PVA compounds are shown in the following table.

TABLE 1 Der p 1 IC₅₀ Data for PVA Compounds Der p 1 Code Compound IC₅₀(nM) PVA-026

14 PVA-037

7.85 PVA-038

13.3 PVA-039

6.3

Biological Methods—Allergen Challenge Studies In Vivo

Animal Identification and Randomisation:

The studies were performed in male Brown Norway rats (approximate weight350 g at time of allergen challenge) obtained from Harlan UK Ltd. Eachanimal was allocated a unique identification number after sensitisation,identified by a waterproof tail mark, and randomly assigned to atreatment group. All studies were conducted in accordance with theAnimals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, with UK Home Office Guidanceon the implementation of the Act and with all applicable Codes ofPractice for the care and housing of laboratory animals.

Housing and Environment:

Animals were initially housed within an air-conditioned colony roomwithin the animal house until being transferred to a procedure room.Animals were caged in groups of up to 5. During the study, the rooms andcages were cleaned at regular intervals to maintain hygiene. The roomswere illuminated by fluorescent lights set to give a 12 hour light-darkcycle (on 07.00, off 19.00), as recommended in the Home Office Animals(Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. Air temperature (target temperature21° C.±2° C.) and relative humidity (which was not controlled) wasmeasured during acclimatisation and the in-life phase. A diet of RM-1(Special Diets Services, Witham, UK) and mains tap water was offered adlibitum.

Sensitization Procedure to House Dust Mite (HDM) Allergen:

A mixture of HDM allergens was harvested from a laboratory culture ofDermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Allergen dose was standardized accordingto the Der p 1 content of the mixture as determined by an ELISAmeasurement referenced against the IUIS standard for Der p 1. Theallergen sensitization dose for each animal on each day contained 10 μgDer p 1. Freeze-dried stocks of HDM allergen mixture stored at −20° C.were reconstituted in their original volumes of 0.22 μmfilter-sterilised de-ionised water containing 5 mM L-cysteine and 0.05%v/v Tween 20 and diluted to working concentration using sterileDulbecco's phosphate buffered saline containing 5 mM L-cysteine and0.05% v/v Tween 20. Animals were sensitized to a mixture of all HDMallergens on Days 0, 7, and 14 by intraperitoneal injection (0.5 mL) ofthe mixture formulated as described above.

Physiological Recordings:

On Day 21 of the sensitization and challenge protocol, rats wereanaesthetised with pentobarbitone (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and ventilated via atracheal cannula (approximately 7 mL/kg, 1 Hz) with a mixture of air andoxygen (50:50). The anaesthetised, ventilated animals were paralysedwith norcuron (4 mg/kg, i.m.). Ventilation was monitored by a flowtransducer (Fleisch, type 0000) in-line with the respiratory pump.Coincident pressure changes within the thorax were monitored directlyvia an intrathoracic cannula, so that the pressure difference betweenthe trachea and thorax could be measured and displayed. From thesemeasurements of flow and differential pressure, both airways resistance(RL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) were calculated for each respiratorycycle on a digital electronic respiratory analyser (PMS, Mumed Ltd, UK).Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded from the carotid artery bymeans of a transducer.

Drug Delivery and Allergen Challenge:

Drugs were dissolved in DMSO as 10 mM stock solutions and then dilutedin sterile saline (Baxter Healthcare, Berkshire, UK) for use intreatment. Drug solutions (100 μL of a 40 μM solution) were administeredby the intra-tracheal (i.t.) route using a Penn Century IA-1C sapphireorifice aerosoliser fitted to an FMJ-250 high pressure syringe (PennCentury, Philadelphia, Pa., USA). For these studies, the tip of theIA-1C aerosoliser was inserted inside the tracheal cannula and thevolume of drug delivered regulated by means of volumetric stops on thesyringe plunger. This combination of aerosoliser and syringe generates aplume of liquid with droplets 16-22 μm in mass median aerodynamicdiameter.

Allergen challenge was with a mixture of HDM allergens containing a 10μg dose of Der p 1. Freeze-dried stocks of HDM allergen mixture storedat −20° C. were reconstituted in their original volumes of 0.22 μmfilter-sterilised deionised water containing 5 mM L-cysteine and 0.05%v/v Tween 20 and diluted to working concentration using sterileDulbecco's phosphate buffered saline containing 5 mM L-cysteine and0.05% v/v Tween 20. Allergen challenge (100 μL) was performed by theintratracheal (i.t.) route using a Penn Century aerosoliser as describedabove.

Study Design:

The study design comprised groups of 12 animals which had been activelysensitized to HDM allergens as described above. On day 21 of the study,the groups received two separate challenges with HDM allergens by theintratracheal (i.t.) route. In all cases, the effect of challenge 1 hadfully resolved before the second challenge was made. At an interval of 2hours before the second allergen challenge, animals received a dose oftest compounds.

Data Analysis:

To evaluate the effect of allergen challenge and its modification bytest compounds, lung function parameters were measured prior to allergendelivery (baseline) and at the peak response. The numerical differencein the lung function parameter (e.g., change in airway resistance) wasrecorded as the magnitude of the allergen challenge. This process wasrepeated after the animals had been dosed with test compound.Statistical analysis of the responses before and after administration ofthe test compound was used to determine if the compound exerted asignificant effect. It was found by experiment to be equally valid toconduct these statistical comparisons either by comparing the change inthe lung function parameter per se before and after treatment with testcompound, or by expressing the magnitude of the second allergenchallenge as a percentage of the first challenge and performing thestatistical evaluation using the transformed data.

Biological Data—Allergen Challenge Studies In Vivo Validation of StudyDesign

FIG. 1 is a bar graph of the magnitude of response following Challenge 1(left) and Challenge 2 (right), expressed as a percentage of themagnitude of the response following Challenge 1.

FIG. 1 illustrates the results obtained when a group of rats sensitizedto HDM allergens were subjected to two successive challenges with thesame allergen mixture by the intratracheal (i.t.) route on Day 21 aftersensitization was commenced. The average median response for challenge 1was determined and defined as 100%. In each rat, the magnitude of thesecond response was then determined and expressed as the percentage ofthe response to challenge 1. For the purposes of illustration of thesecond challenge response, the data are shown as the median andinterquartile range determined in 12 animals.

These data indicate that the magnitude of the second challenge issimilar to that seen in the first challenge, enabling the modulatingeffect of a drug administered between the two treatments to bedetermined.

Effects of Compounds on Acute Allergic Bronchoconstriction:

Two compounds (PVA-026 and PVA-038) were studied using in vivo allergenchallenge methods described above. (PVA-038 was used in the form of thecorresponding trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt.)

Code Structure PVA-026

PVA-038 

FIG. 2 is a bar graph of change in airway resistance (cm H₂O L⁻¹ s⁻¹)following control allergen challenge (left) and allergen challenge 120minutes after treatment with test compound PVA-026. (Medians reported.Errors are for 25th/75th percentiles. For (*): P <0.05, Mann-WhitneyRank Sum Test, with respect to control allergen challenge.)

The data in FIG. 2 illustrate the change in airway resistance in acontrol allergen challenge and that seen in a successive challenge made2 hours after the animals were dosed intratracheally (i.t.) with testcompound PVA-026. Data are presented as median responses with error barsindicating the interquartile range. The magnitude of the second allergenchallenge was significantly reduced compared to the first challenge(P<0.05, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test). It is known to those of skill inthe art that inhibition of acute bronchoconstriction following allergenprovocation in experimental models such as this is indicative of aclinically beneficial effect in asthma.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph of change in airway resistance (cm H₂O L⁻¹ s⁻¹)following control allergen challenge (left) and allergen challenge 120minutes after treatment with test compound PVA-038 (as the TFA salt).(Medians reported. Errors are for 25th/75th percentiles. For (*):P<0.05, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test, with respect to control allergenchallenge.)

The data in FIG. 3 illustrate the change in airway resistance in acontrol allergen challenge and that seen in a successive challenge made2 hours after the animals were dosed intratracheally (i.t.) with testcompound PVA-038 (as the TFA salt). Data are presented as medianresponses with error bars depicting the interquartile range. Themagnitude of the second allergen challenge was significantly reducedcompared to the first challenge (P<0.05, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test). Itis known to those of skill in the art that inhibition of acutebronchoconstriction following allergen provocation in experimentalmodels such as this is indicative of a clinically beneficial effect inasthma.

The foregoing has described the principles, preferred embodiments, andmodes of operation of the present invention. However, the inventionshould not be construed as limited to the particular embodimentsdiscussed. Instead, the above-described embodiments should be regardedas illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be appreciatedthat variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled inthe art without departing from the scope of the present invention.

REFERENCES

A number of patents and publications are cited herein in order to morefully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art towhich the invention pertains. Full citations for these references areprovided below. Each of these references is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to the sameextent as if each individual reference was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference.

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1-96. (canceled)
 97. A compound selected from compounds of the followingformula, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein: —R¹ is independently —H or —R^(1A); —R^(1A) is saturatedaliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X1); —R² is —H; —R³ is independently —H or —R^(3A);—R^(3A) is saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkyl; —R⁴ is —R^(4A); —R^(4A) is-Me; —R⁵ is —H; —R⁶ is —H or —R^(6A); —R^(6A) is saturated aliphaticC₁₋₃alkyl; —R⁷ is —H, —R^(7A), or —R^(7B); —R^(7A) is saturatedaliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl; —R^(7B) is independently -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB) or—R^(7BB); -L^(7B1)- is saturated aliphatic C₁₋₃alkylene; —R^(7BB) isindependently —R^(7BB1), —R^(7BB2), —R^(7BB3), or —R^(7BB4); —R^(7BB1)is independently phenyl or naphthyl, and is optionally substituted withone or more substituents —R^(X3); —R^(7BB2) is C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3); —R^(7BB3)is C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2), or is optionally fused to a benzene ring which isoptionally subtituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3); —R^(7BB4)is saturated bridged C₅₋₁₀cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted withone or more substituents —R^(X2); —R⁸ is —H; —R⁹ is independently —H or—R^(9A); —R^(9A) is saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl; —R¹⁰ is independently—R^(10A), —R^(10B), —R^(10C), or —R^(10D); —R^(10A) is independentlyphenyl or naphthyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3); —R^(10B) is C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3); —R^(10C) is saturatedC₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2); —R^(10D) is non-aromatic C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X2); or —R⁹ and—R¹⁰, taken together with the nitrogen atom and carbon atom to whichthey are respectively attached, form a non-aromatic C₅₋₇heterocycliclactam ring, which is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2), or which is optionally fused to a benzene ringwhich is optionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3);—R¹¹ is independently —H, —R^(11A), or —R^(11B); —R^(11A) isindependently —R^(Z1), —R^(Z2), R^(Z3), R^(Z4), R^(Z5), -L^(Z)-R^(Z2),-L^(Z)-R^(Z3), -L^(Z)-R^(Z4), or -L^(Z)-R^(Z5); —R^(Z1) is saturatedaliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X1); each —R^(Z2) is saturated C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X2); each—R^(Z3) is independently —R^(Z3A) or —R^(Z3B); each —R^(Z3A) isnon-aromatic C₃₋₇heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents —R^(X2); each —R^(Z3B) is saturated bridgedC₅₋₁₀heterocyclyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X2); each —R^(Z4) is independently phenyl or naphthyl,and is optionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3);each —R^(Z5) is C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, and is optionally substituted with oneor more substituents —R^(X3); each -L^(Z)- is saturated aliphaticC₁₋₄alkylene; —R^(11B) is —CR^(J1)R^(J2)—C(═O)—NR^(J3)R^(J4); —R^(J1) isindependently —H or saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl; —R^(J2) isindependently —H or saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl; —R^(J3) isindependently —H, saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl;—R^(J4) is independently —H, saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, orbenzyl; or —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is a C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl group, and isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X2); —R¹² isindependently —H or —R^(12A); —R^(12A) is saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl;wherein each —R^(Xi) is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,phenyl, —CF₃, —OH, —OR^(S), —OCF₃, —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂,pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)R^(S),—C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂,—C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,—C(═O)-piperizino, —C(═O)—{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-, —SR^(S),—S(═O)R^(S), and —S(═O)₂R^(S); wherein each —R^(S) is independentlysaturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, or —CH₂-phenyl; wherein eachphenyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from:—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(SS), —CF₃, —OH, —OR^(SS), or —OCF₃, wherein each—R^(SS) is saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl; and wherein each —R^(X2) isindependently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(T), phenyl, —OH,—OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,—NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); wherein each —R^(T) isindependently saturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, or —CH₂-phenyl;wherein each phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more groupsselected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(TT), —CF₃, —OH, —OR^(TT), or —OCF₃,wherein each —R^(TT) is saturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl. and wherein each—R^(X3) is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(V),—CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, cyclopropyl, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —CN, —NO₂, —OH,—OR^(V), -L^(V)-OH, -L^(V)-OR^(V), —O-L^(V)-OH, —O-L^(V)-OR^(V), —NH₂,—NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizinol},-L^(V)-imidazol-2-yl, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl},—O-L^(V)-NH₂, —O-L^(V)-NHR^(V), —O-L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, —O-L^(V)-pyrrolidino,—O-L^(V)-piperidino, —O-L^(V)-morpholino, —O-L^(V)-piperizino,—O-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —O-L^(V)-imidazol-2-yl,—O-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-imidazol-2-yl}, —NHC(═O)R^(V),—NR^(V)C(═O)R^(V), —C(═O)R^(V), —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂₉ —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,—C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino,—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —NHC(═O)NHR^(V),—NHC(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)-pyrrolidino, —NHC(═O)-piperidino,—NHC(═O)-morpholino, —NHC(═O)-piperizino,—NHC(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-, —S(═O)₂R^(V), —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O; wherein each -L^(V)- issaturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkylene; wherein each —R^(V) is independentlysaturated aliphatic C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, —CH₂-phenyl, C₅₋₆heteroaryl, or—CH₂—C₅₋₆heteroaryl; wherein each phenyl is optionally substituted withone or more groups selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(VV), —CF₃, —OH,—OR^(VV), or —OCF₃; wherein each C₅₋₆heteroaryl is optionallysubstituted with one or more groups selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(VV), —CF₃, —OH, —OR^(VV), or —OCF₃; wherein each —R^(VV) issaturated aliphatic C₁₋₄alkyl; and additionally, two adjacent groups—R^(X3) may together form —OCH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂O—, —CH₂OCH₂— or —OCH₂CH₂—;and additionally, two adjacent groups —R^(X3) may, together with thering atoms to which they are attached, form a C₅₋₇carbocyclic ring or aC₅₋₇heterocyclic ring.
 98. A compound according to claim 97, wherein —R¹is —R^(1A), and —R^(1A) is -iPr.
 99. A compound according to claim 97,wherein —R³ is —H and —R⁶ is —H.
 100. A compound according to claim 98,wherein —R³ is —H and —R⁶ is —H.
 101. A compound according to claim 97,wherein —R⁷ is independently —R^(7A) or —R^(7B); —R^(7A) is -tBu;—R^(7B) is -L^(7B1)-R^(7BB); -L^(7B1)- is —CH₂—; —R^(7BB) is —R^(7BB1);and —R^(7BB1) is phenyl.
 102. A compound according to claim 100, wherein—R⁷ is independently —R^(7A) or —R^(7B); —R^(7A) is -tBu; —R^(7B) is-L^(7B1)-R^(7BB); -L^(7B1)- is —CH₂—; —R^(7BB) is —R^(7BB1); and—R^(7BB1) is phenyl.
 103. A compound according to claim 97, wherein —R⁹is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10A); and —R^(10A) is phenyl, and is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3).
 104. A compoundaccording to claim 102, wherein —R⁹ is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10A); and—R^(10A) is phenyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).
 105. A compound according to claim 97, wherein —R⁹is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10B); and —R^(10B) is pyridyl, and is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3).
 106. A compoundaccording to claim 102, wherein —R⁹ is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10B); and—R^(10B) is pyridyl, and is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents —R^(X3).
 107. A compound according to claim 97, wherein —R⁹is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10B); and —R^(10B) is independently indazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl, and isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents —R^(X3).
 108. Acompound according to claim 102, wherein —R⁹ is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10B);and —R^(10B) is independently indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl,quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl, and is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents —R^(X3).
 109. A compound according to claim 97,wherein —R⁹ is —H; —R¹⁰ is —R^(10D); and —R^(10D) is independently:


110. A compound according to claim 102, wherein —R⁹ is —H; —R¹⁰ is—R^(10D); and —R^(10D) is independently:


111. A compound according to claim 97, wherein the group—N(R⁹)—C(═O)—R¹⁰ is the following group:


112. A compound according to claim 102, wherein the group—N(R⁹)—C(═O)—R¹⁰ is the following group:


113. A compound according to claim 97, wherein: —R¹¹ is —R^(11A);—R^(11A) is -L^(Z)-R^(Z4); -L^(Z)- is —CH₂— or —CH(Me)-; and —R^(Z4) isindependently selected from:

and —R¹² is —H.
 114. A compound according to claim 104, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11A); —R^(11A) is -L^(Z)-R^(Z4); -L^(Z)- is —CH₂— or —CH(Me)-; and—R^(Z4) is independently selected from:

and —R¹² is —H.
 115. A compound according to claim 106, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11A); —R^(11A) is -L^(Z)-R^(Z4); -L^(Z)- is —CH₂— or —CH(Me)-; and—R^(Z4) is independently selected from:

and —R¹² is —H.
 116. A compound according to claim 108, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11A); —R^(11A) is -L^(Z)-R^(Z4); -L^(Z)- is —CH₂— or —CH(Me)-; and—R^(Z4) is independently selected from:

and —R¹² is —H.
 117. A compound according to claim 110, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11A); —R^(11A) is -L^(Z)-R^(Z4); -L^(Z)- is —CH₂— or —CH(Me)-; and—R^(Z4) is independently selected from:

and —R¹² is —H.
 118. A compound according to claim 112, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11A); —R^(11A) is -L^(Z)-R^(Z4); -L^(Z)- is —CH₂— or —CH(Me)-; and—R^(Z4) is independently selected from:

and —R¹² is —H.
 119. A compound according to claim 97, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11B); —R^(J1) is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr; —R^(J2)is —H; —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently selected from:

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl; and—R¹² is —H.
 120. A compound according to claim 104, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11B); —R^(J1) is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr; —R^(J2)is —H; —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently selected from:

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl; and—R¹² is —H.
 121. A compound according to claim 106, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11B); —R^(J1) is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr; —R^(J2)is —H; —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently selected from:

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl; and—R¹² is —H.
 122. A compound according to claim 108, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11B); —R^(J1) is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr; —R^(J2)is —H; —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently selected from:

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl; and—R¹² is —H.
 123. A compound according to claim 110, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11B); —R^(J1) is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr; —R^(J2)is —H; —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently selected from:

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl; and—R¹² is —H.
 124. A compound according to claim 112, wherein: —R¹¹ is—R^(11B); —R^(J1) is independently —H, -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr; —R^(J2)is —H; —NR^(J3)R^(J4) is independently selected from:

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-2-yl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl; and—R¹² is —H.
 125. A compound according to claim 97, wherein each —R^(X1),if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH,—OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino,piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S),—C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino,—C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2), if present, isindependently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂,—NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,-L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, -L^(V)-pyrrolidino,-L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino, -L^(V)-piperizino,-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V),—S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 126. A compound according to claim 114, whereineach —R^(X1), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S),—NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂,—C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,—C(═O)-piperizino, and —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2),if present, is independently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T),—C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and—NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each —R^(X3), if present, is independentlyselected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂,—NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,-L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 127. A compoundaccording to claim 115, wherein each —R^(X1), if present, isindependently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂,—NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,—C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2), if present, isindependently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂,—NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,-L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, -L^(V)-pyrrolidino,-L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino, -L^(V)-piperizino,-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V),—S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 128. A compound according to claim 116, whereineach —R^(X1), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S),—NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂,—C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,—C(═O)-piperizino, and —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2),if present, is independently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T),—C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and—NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each —R^(X3), if present, is independentlyselected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂,—NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,-L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 129. A compoundaccording to claim 117, wherein each —R^(X1), if present, isindependently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂,—NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,—C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2), if present, isindependently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂,—NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,-L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, -L^(V)-pyrrolidino,-L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino, -L^(V)-piperizino,-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V),—S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 130. A compound according to claim 118, whereineach —R^(X1), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S),—NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂,—C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,—C(═O)-piperizino, and —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2),if present, is independently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T),—C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and—NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each —R^(X3), if present, is independentlyselected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂,—NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,-L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 131. A compoundaccording to claim 120, wherein each —R^(X1), if present, isindependently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂,—NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,—C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2), if present, isindependently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂,—NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,-L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, -L^(V)-pyrrolidino,-L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino, -L^(V)-piperizino,-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V),—S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 132. A compound according to claim 121, whereineach —R^(X1), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S),—NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂,—C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,—C(═O)-piperizino, and —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2),if present, is independently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T),—C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and—NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each —R^(X3), if present, is independentlyselected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂,—NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,-L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 133. A compoundaccording to claim 122, wherein each —R^(X1), if present, isindependently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂,—NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,—C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2), if present, isindependently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂,—NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,-L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, -L^(V)-pyrrolidino,-L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino, -L^(V)-piperizino,-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V),—S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 134. A compound according to claim 123, whereineach —R^(X1), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂, —NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S),—NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂,—C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino, —C(═O)-morpholino,—C(═O)-piperizino, and —C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2),if present, is independently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T),—C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂, —NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino,morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and—NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each —R^(X3), if present, is independentlyselected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(V), —CN, —OH, —OR^(V), —NH₂,—NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, -L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂,-L^(V)-pyrrolidino, -L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino,-L^(V)-piperizino, -L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH,—C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V), —S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 135. A compoundaccording to claim 124, wherein each —R^(X1), if present, isindependently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR^(S), —NH₂,—NHR^(S), —NR^(S) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(S), —NR^(S)C(═O)R^(S), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(S), —C(═O)NR^(S) ₂, —C(═O)-pyrrolidino, —C(═O)-piperidino,—C(═O)-morpholino, —C(═O)-piperizino, and—C(═O)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}-; each —R^(X2), if present, isindependently selected from: —R^(T), —OH, —OR^(T), —C(═O)R^(T), —NH₂,—NHR^(T), —NR^(T) ₂, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, piperizino,N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino, —NHC(═O)R^(T), and —NR^(T)C(═O)R^(T); and each—R^(X3), if present, is independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,—R^(V), —CN, —OH, —ORy, —NH₂, —NHR^(V), —NR^(V) ₂, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperizino, N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino,-L^(V)-NH₂, -L^(V)-NHR^(V), -L^(V)-NR^(V) ₂, -L^(V)-pyrrolidino,-L^(V)-piperidino, -L^(V)-morpholino, -L^(V)-piperizino,-L^(V)-{N—(C₁₋₄alkyl)-piperizino}, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR^(V), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NHR^(V), —C(═O)NR^(V) ₂, —NHC(═O)NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NHR^(V),—S(═O)₂NR^(V) ₂, and ═O.
 136. A compound selected from the followingcompounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: PVA-001 throughPVA-216.
 137. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 97and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
 138. Amethod of preparing a composition comprising admixing a compoundaccording to claim 97 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,diluent, or excipient.
 139. A method of treatment, comprisingadministering to a subject in need of treatment atherapeutically-effective amount of a compound according to claim 97,wherein the treatment is treatment of: asthma, for example, atopicasthma; allergic asthma; atopic bronchial IgE-mediated asthma; bronchialasthma; extrinsic asthma; allergen-induced asthma; allergic asthmaexacerbated by respiratory virus infection; infective asthma; infectiveasthma caused by bacterial infection; infective asthma caused by fungalinfection; infective asthma caused by protozoal infection; or infectiveasthma caused by viral infection; bronchial hyperreactivity associatedwith asthma; or bronchial hyperresponsiveness associated with asthma;airway remodelling associated with an allergic lung disease, forexample, airway remodelling associated with asthma; asthma co-presentedwith a chronic obstructive lung disease, for example, asthmaco-presented with emphysema; or asthma co-presented with chronicbronchitis; rhinitis, for example, allergic rhinitis; perennialrhinitis; persistent rhinitis; or IgE-mediated rhinitis; allergicconjunctivitis, for example, IgE-mediated conjunctivitis; atopicdermatitis; an allergic condition which is triggered by dust mites; anallergic condition which is triggered by dust mite Group 1 peptidaseallergen; or canine atopy.
 140. A method according to claim 139, whereinthe treatment further comprises treatment with one or more additionaltherapeutic agents selected from agents used, or likely to be used, inthe treatment of a respiratory disease.
 141. A method of inhibiting adust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen, in vitro or in vivo, comprisingcontacting said dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen with an effectiveamount of a compound according to claim
 97. 142. A method of inhibitinga dust mite Group 1 peptidase allergen in a cell, in vitro or in vivo,comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compoundaccording to claim
 97. 143. An acaricide composition comprising acompound according to claim
 97. 144. A method of killing mites,comprising exposing said mites to an effective amount of a compoundaccording to claim
 97. 145. A method of controlling a mite populationcomprising exposing mites to an effective amount of a compound accordingto claim 97.